Reflective Practice and lifelong learning

Intelligent Practice and deep rooted learning Inside this article, the exploration will utilize Reflective Practice in an instructing experience. It will concentrate on The Community College Whitstable and the educational plan that the understudies understanding. It will feature the progressions that have occurred from the acquaintance of the National Curriculum with the current day, and how the educational plan belief systems, models and hypotheses have formed the training framework in Britain. This paper will recognize Reflective Practice and assess the various thoughts from researchers and callings, for example, Schon and Brookfield. This exposition will assess and create comprehension of evaluations in Britains state instruction framework and how it influences The Community College Whitstable. It will investigate how self appearance in it most genuine sense advances instructors in their comprehension of both the educational plan and the understudies they educate. Fusing an intelligent practice in ones own proficient showing techniques, would be one approach to stay aware of the progressing evaluations that ought to happen in any expert set up or learning experience. One could portray reflection as glancing back at past showing encounters, either fortunate or unfortunate, and deciding if the experience could have been exceptional overseen or instructed. There is a reasonable differentiation among deduction and reflecting. Thinking could be related with an issue and arrangement where as reflecting might not have an outright final product. Functioning as an educator in an auxiliary school presents numerous issues, and numerous inquiries that are once in a while replied. The difficult that surfaces with considering ones own training is that we as instructors are not since its getting late, or the inspiration to reflect all the more frequently, or all the more profoundly into our strategies, showing styles or conveyance of the educational program. The presentation of normalization by method of the National Curriculum towards the finish of the 1980s and the start of the 1990s by the Conservative Government, has removed the force from the individual instructor in choosing what is significant. It could be contended it has diminished the educator to simply a detachment of a state controlled educational plan. It additionally recommends a concealed plan. Neary,M (2002) features the concealed educational plan and the mentality towards instruction and the capacity a school should play in planning individuals for society. Neary,M (2002,p45) states Lynch 1989(1989,p3): The specific social relations they esteem significant in the conceptive procedure are basically the various leveled division of work among instructors and students, the distanced character of students school work itself, and the discontinuity in work reflected in the systematized and frequently damaging rivalry among students through ceaseless and apparently meritocratic positioning and assessment. Neary,M contends that journalists, for example, Bowles and Gintis have made associations with an entrepreneur society and how this is reflected in the educational system. It is critical to think about the educational program one instructs and who chooses what is Really Useful Knowledge and how socially powerful this is for the students that we educate. The educational program that is offered at The Community College Whitstable is GCSES in all the center subjects, BTEC in Construction, Physical Education, Science, Drama, Science, Music, Business Studies, Travel and Tourism, Design and Technology, NVQ in Hairdressing, proficient capabilities in Motor Vehicles (IMA and ABC) and A Levels. Understudies at The Community College Whitstable are progressively getting comfortable with BTEC as opposed to the conventional GCSES which are supported by most Grammar and the top level of other State schools. The thinking for this could be that state training is experiencing tremendous principal chan ges through political and ideological outlooks. The National Curriculum was tried to build the understudies learning, the House of Commons fourth report states (2008, p10): This report basically distinguished four expansive purposes; acquainting a privilege for students with a wide and adjusted educational plan; setting gauges for understudy achievement and to help school responsibility; improving progression and intelligence inside the educational plan, and supporting open comprehension of crafted by school: The school state framework has now proceeded onward over 10 years since that vow and is as of now at the focal point of a political update. The Community College Whitstable is entering more understudies onto the BTEC programs than any time in recent memory. Through impression of the position and vision that the school is taking, and concerning the expanded adaptability of the school educational plan program, one could see that schools, for example, The Community College Whitstable are progressively attempting to contend on national and neighborhood terms through GSES results. Accordingly going to BTECs is an approach to build understudies results and climb the class tables. The prevalence with BTECs are that they are all coursework driven and this gives them a bit of leeway over GCSES which are part coursework, and part end of year test towards definite imprints. The coursework is inside checked and remotely confirmed, understudies who might not have gotten any opportunity of getting great outcomes through GSESs, have a superior possibility with BTECs (perhaps getting 4 GSSEs at A* C grade on another subject.)The Community College Whitstable has been amazing in executing the past Governments call for Vocationalism and Diversity in the educational program however is that going to change with the new Coalition Government. It is imperative to think about ones educating of the educational program, information, conveyance, learning styles and techniques, on the off chance that we are to advance and develop as an instructor or facilitator. At present there are no school rules to turn into a Reflective Practitioner however there have been numerous creators and experts that have set down models for intelligent practice to be fused into the educational plan. Brookfield,S states ( 1995 p29 ): We have accessible four focal points through which we can see our educating. These focal points are spoken to by the four bolts in figure 2.1. They are (1) our self-portrayals as educators and students, (2) our understudies eyes, (3) our associates encounters, and (4) hypothetical writing. Survey what we do through these various focal points makes us aware of misshaped or fragmented parts of our suppositions that need further examination. For instance utilizing a difficult understudy as a contextual analysis who goes to the professional community is a decent method to think about Brookfields focal points. The understudy that I have recognized has had household issues and individual issues that come from his home life. The understudy has a low scholarly capacity and falls into the classification of extra additional necessities, which would have been recorded on his information from appraisals directed in key stage two and three. I accept this understudy experiences low confidence and certainty which mirrors his forceful nature towards instruction and bosses, for example, educators and individuals in power. The understudy was driven into the professional place on account of generalizing and the low measures expected to enlist on the courses at the professional community at The Community College Whitstable. Thinking about this and seeing it from the understudies eyes would enable all instructors to manage his/her difficu lt conduct with more prominent sympathy and empathy, and thusly this would empower us to handle these issues with more noteworthy information. A minority of understudies may have a terrible home circumstance and life in a social domain that doesn't advance learning. Understudies might be come to class with that stuff of home life and may experience the ill effects of an absence of certainty through low scholastic capacity. Seeing this circumstance from an understudies perspective ought to urge us as instructors to be increasingly mindful and thoughtful when managing certain understudies. From my experience of working and instructing at The Community College Whitstable, the understudies who picked professional courses are by and large lower capacity understudies. Despite the fact that there are a few exemptions to this, and there will consistently be understudies who decide on professional course who are scholastically brilliant. Understudies that are on the Construction courses at T he Community College Whitstable may have issues that go from conduct, social and scholastic through to the clinical and physical. Through my experience as an instructor, communicator or facilitator I have consistently depended on my self-portraying learning, for instance, showing understudies carpentry and joinery through my own great experience as a disciple and afterward proceeding to learn at school. This reflection into my past encounters has helped me to turn into an increasingly adjusted and able educator of the aptitudes of an artworks that returns numerous hundreds of years. I accept that all educators should utilize their personal learning in their educating in light of the fact that we would all be able to recollect the great educators or the great teachers and bosses. Our personal history should frame the establishment of our showing strategies and styles. Companion appraisal is a critical piece of an instructors learning experience either casual or formal, both of these devices are similarly significant. Instructing on the BTEC Level 2 Construction course includes two individuals from staff and every part has equivalent obligation to inside check every others work. 50% of all understudies work should be cross referenced and inside checked. There are standard group gatherings and departmental gatherings on checking, understudies execution, participation and conduct. These gatherings have consistently been a decent method to give shared information and to trade thoughts and convictions on the most ideal methods of educating. Casual criticism from ones associates can be similarly as viable, for instance requesting that a partner come into a class to watch a specific piece of the exercise can furnish us with more prominent information on the circumstance. By just asking different educators how they manage issue understudies can unravel th e riddle. From my experience an associate had exhort

The Influences of Environment free essay sample

It isn't hard to survey how much an individual is influenced by the earth where he lives. We realize that climatic and social environmental factors are no less powerful. We know likewise that an individual is brought into the world with the essential attributes which are going to shape his character and in the end his fate. We can securely say that the connections of both heredity and condition produce the person. It is intriguing to investigate the impacts of condition on the character and exercises of the person. Social environmental factors have an undisputed impact on individuals. Conventions and customs are the consequences of social relations in a gathering of individuals. These are regularly dazzled on the person who may either receive them or contradict them. The individual regularly winds up in strife with such customary foundations as marriage, family, religion and other built up customs. The person who rejects customs is censured by society and frequently shunned. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influences of Environment or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page People regularly need to battle against conventions. This proceeded with restriction uncovers the impact that such conventions have. The greater part are simply inactively formed by these customs that have been instilled in them from the support through school to grown-up life. Our fundamental character is framed by society. 3 The capability of social condition can likewise be found in the ordinary language we talk. The first language is supposed on the grounds that the kid absorbs normally the language verbally expressed by its mom. It is a logical idea that all people are â€Å"programmed† with the language capacity, however what we talk relies upon the social condition. The new-conceived Eskimo, whenever set in an English-talking condition, will grow up to communicate in English like the English. The first language is found out in conditions unique in relation to those in which a second or unknown dialect is found out. The intonation embraced by the individual additionally uncovers the social milieu where he has gotten the language. Just the profoundly taught can conceal their local accents. 4 The conduct of the individual is frequently the immediate aftereffect of social impacts on him. It has been set up that individuals presented to unforgiving financial conditions are probably going to go to wrongdoing more effectively than others. In spite of the fact that exploration has demonstrated that criminal inclinations are intrinsic, that is of hereditary beginning, there is no uncertainty that social conditions help to externalize these propensities in the person. At whatever point a general public experiences extreme monetary conditions, similar to a downturn, the crime percentage will in general increment. The broad communications have additionally been associated to impact the criminal bowed with individuals, particularly the more fragile person who can't have an independent perspective. The perpetual topographical and climatic environmental factors in which individuals develop effectsly affect them as individuals from a social gathering. In the event that today there are unmistakable national attributes, it is on the grounds that each gathering has been presented t o particular physical or common habitats. Models are various. The Eskimo is short and stocky in light of the fact that his cool, frosty condition expects him to be so to endure. The individuals living along the Equator are tall and flimsy in order to oppose the warmth. The shade of our skins has been fixed by the measure of daylight we have been presented to for ages. The Tibetans and Bolivians have huge chests on the grounds that their lungs have throughout the centuries gotten broadened by the push to take in tenuous oxygen in their high bumpy condition. 6 Eating and attire propensities, work exercises, beguilements are likewise legitimately directed by physical condition. Those living along the coasts are probably going to become mariners or anglers. People’s exercises all through the world are molded by the scene in which they live. The local Maori was an angler and a tracker, and in this way a substance eater. The Yorkshire kid up to this point grew up to be an excavator. It is just present day science and innovation that have prevailing somewhat in diminishing the impact of condition on people’s exercises. Crude man utilized just what his quick condition gave. Trappers in the north of America, Europe and Asia wore hides gave by their regular habitat. 7 It is likewise commonly acknowledged that climate and atmosphere impact our character and mind-set. Climate impacts temperament on the grounds that both are alterable. We are dismal when the climate is bleak. We are vivacious and lively when the climate is fine. Verse and melodies in all occasions and locales have commended the happening to spring with sprightliness and vivacity with respect to individuals. Likewise, in times of warmth or chilly, our dispositions change for the more regrettable or better. Celestial prophets and geomancers are persuaded that stars and planets including earth impact and imprint our lives in the entirety of their perspectives †from character to knowledge, from karma to wellbeing, even life and passing.

The beliefs of the wiccan religion

The beliefs of the wiccan religion 13 principles of real wiccans Wicca is a neo-pagan religion that believes any living thing is divine and forbids making any harm to other people or nature. In opposite to Bible, wiccan religion says that religious and moral truths are ultimately relational. Wiccans use magic (they spell it with “k” to emphasize that its a serious thing but not an entertainment), they try to change the world with various spells using special instruments such as chalices, crystals, cords and censers. Wicca is a kind of decentralized religion, it doesnt have its own leader and their Bible. Some wiccans live by small groups, but there are a lot of lonely practicians. Its interesting to know that in 1973, there were 73 wiccan believers who met in Minneapolis, USA to form their Council of American Witches. This group wrote their rules that included points of view of many wiccans of that time. Later, this group was dissolves, but nowadays wiccan believers still approve next thirteen principles: Wiccans have a lot of special rites (usually connected with current Moon phases) to tune themselves with the rhythm of life created by mother nature. Wiccans try to live in peace and love with mother nature because their religion gives them a great responsibility toward the Universe they live in. Wiccans accept a great depth of power they have. Wiccan religion view the universe as a constant interaction of feminine and masculine, and neither of these power is higher. They accept sex as an act of pleasure and sign of life and great energy that used in magical rites. The wiccan religion suppose the existence of both inner and outer worlds and they try to use the interaction between them in magical practice. Wiccan religion doesnt accept any kind of hierarchy, they learn to respect all people around them. They believe any human lives using a philosophy of Witchcraft that combines three things: magic, religion and wisdom. Wiccans call this philosophy Wiccans Way. A real witch should learn to control their own power to live in a total harmony and piece with nature and all creatures. Wiccans believe in the process of evolution and their big role and responsibility toward the Universe. Wiccans are hostility towards Christianity or any other kind of religion because they used to think all other religions try to repress and deny their own religion. They dont care about aspects, terms or any debates about the history of the skill; all that wiccans care about is their present and future time. Wiccans deny the existence of evil, they dont have a term “Satan”. They never look for a way to get power through suffering of other people. Wiccans are devoted to the Nature and they believe it gives them everything they need for their wealth and health.

Who Feels Grief - 1779 Words

Little by little, hour by hour, day by day, people die. The people that die could be loved ones, strangers, friends, foes, just about anybody! Death is a terrible ordeal that one has to go through. Although people die every day the loss that someone feels changes them; as well as those they love, those they were close too, even those they don’t know. How can something that is so frequent effect people in tremendous days? Shouldn’t death be expected? Though people are always cautioned to expect the unexpected, when something catches you by surprise however, it can throw you for a whirl. After the death of a loved one, one of the main emotions felt is grief. This leads one to ask quite an important question: what exactly is grief? Grief is defined as a deep sorrow that is often brought out by the death of a loved one. This intense sadness can cause a chain reaction of events that can eventually lead to suicide. Who is susceptible to grief? Just about anyone honestly. No one is able to escape from death. Nearly everyone has experienced this sort of misery at one time or another. One important group that is extremely vulnerable to intense grief are teenagers. At this time of age and time, teenagers have an array of emotions. Teenage hormones are frightening thing. Happy one minute, depressed the next, teen emotions are all over the place. Therefore, it is important to understand just exactly how teenagers deal with grief in this time of age. With all sorts of raging emotionsShow MoreRelatedThe Stages Of Grief Have Been A Topic Of Debate In Grief1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe stages of grief have been a topic of debate in grief counseling since their introduction in 1969 by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, in her book â₠¬Å"On Death and Dying†. These stages of grief can be loosely described as a cycle of emotions that humans can expect to feel, resulting from some type of unexpected loss. Grief and loss is very normal process, and something most people will be forced to cope with at some point in their lives. However, to categorize each person’s feelings into an arbitrary setRead MoreThe Sadness Of Losing Someone You Love Never Goes Away Completely1125 Words   |  5 Pagesthat it keeps you from resuming your life, you may be suffering from a condition known as complicated grief. Complicated grief is like being stuck in an intense state of mourning. You may have trouble accepting the death long after it has occurred or be so preoccupied with the person who died that it disrupts your daily routine and undermines your other relationships. Symptoms of complicated grief include: Intense longing and yearning for the deceased Intrusive thoughts or images of your loved oneRead MoreWhat is Grief?1639 Words   |  7 Pages Grief can occur from any trigger in a person’s life. It is an universal emotion that once it takes hold of someone it can take days to years to be able to get out of a grieving slump. Without support from others, the grief can manifest deeper inside the emotional sanity of that person. Sometimes all it takes for someone to get over their grief is help and kind understanding from those around them. When someone is grieving, many people around them feel uncomfortable not knowing how to help, but whenRead MoreExploitation of Grief and Loss of 9/11 Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesExploitation of Grief Jess Walter creates a post 9/11 world that balances precariously between real and surreal. It is real enough that the reader is able to comprehend how awful the attack truly was; but surreal enough that the reader feels the same way most Americans did at Ground Zero—confused, frightened, and grief stricken. Remy, the unwilling hero in all of this is exposed to many different forms of grief both public and personal. Using irony and satire, Walter critiques the way publicRead MoreThe Loss Of A Loved One1719 Words   |  7 Pages(Jacobs 1993). What is Grief and it’s Stages Grief refers to the psychological reaction to the bereavement, the death of a loved one. When a person dies who has been a close companion and with whom we have had a close bond with, many changes in our life have to be taken in. Death of a long-term partner can force on us a need to redefine ourselves and it is not an easy task. Grief becomes a problem when someone gets stuck in grief, this is know as â€Å"complicated grief† or â€Å"chronic grief†. Factors that contributeRead MoreEssay about Reaching Acceptance: the Five Stages of Grief1141 Words   |  5 Pagesfaced with grief, an individual must go through all of the five stages, whether it is for a brief or extended period of time in order to reach the final stage of acceptance. Denial is the first logical stage that one feels when trying to cope with trauma because it feels safe to trick oneself into thinking that the event did not actually occur. Anger follows when the individual realizes that the trauma did oc cur and there is nothing to make it better. Depression is the third stage in the grief processRead MoreCompassion Fatigue Resulting From Disenfranchised Grief1683 Words   |  7 PagesCompassion Fatigue Resulting from Disenfranchised Grief in Health Care Professionals Kathryn Brown Denver School of Nursing SOC 220, Cohort A Compassion Fatigue Resulting from Disenfranchised Grief in Health Care Professionals This paper explores the emotional differences that people in the health care profession experience when it comes to the death of a patient. It defines the bereavement role, the four tasks of mourning, disenfranchised grief, compassion fatigue and how ambiguity and a lackRead MoreUnderstanding Grief During The Hands Of Caring Nurses1184 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Grief in the Hands of Caring Nurses Introduction Grief is a process of dealing with the permanence of a loss or separation and how that occurrence affects one’s well-being (Nader Salloum, 2011). This paper will discuss several types of grief, their characteristics, and the nurses’ role in recognizing and delivering appropriate interventions to help alleviate the disruptive nature of grieving. Grief in children, their perception of death and loss, and nursing interventions in dealingRead MoreAging Process Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle I chose to read was about grief, and how to cope with it. The loss of a loved one cause’s great stress can temporarily interfere with concentration, decision making, and work performance. With enough support and help, grief can promote personal growth of all of those involved in the process. According to this article, grief can be triggered by extreme isolation, depression, or other additive behaviors. Other indicators that show one who is dealing with grief may include quick replacement ofRead MoreHistory And Theories Of Grief1622 Words   |  7 PagesHistory and Theories of Grief Toronto Art Therapy Institute April 20, 2017 Instructor: Claudia McKnight 2 â€Å"The hardest thing that I have ever had to hear was that my child died. The hardest thing that I have ever done is to live everyday since that moment.† This is a famous quote that emphasizes the feelings of parents who have lost a child. It is frequently said that the grief of bereaved parents is the most intense grief known; therefore

The Psychological Needs Of An Organization - 976 Words

organizational performance. Contrarily, Alabi (2010) and Akintayo (2012) in different studies suggested that the psychological needs of employees constitute an important cause of conflict. Comparatively, Tseveendorj (2008) indicated that in Malaysia, bank workers rated other sources such as communication, perception, values, and culture as the sources of conflict even though some of the staff differed in their degree of perception. Similarly, Fakirani (2013) did an empirical research and suggested that different ethno-religious and cultural backgrounds have caused and created certain problems in an organization. The author further revealed that â€Å"conflict has emerged from a pervasive ignorance about others who inhabit a shared socio-geographic space, an ignorance that breeds misunderstanding and mistrust† (p. 115). Thus, if conflict is born out of ignorance, it is necessary to make education and training a priority among employees. This can be done by creating awareness. However, Okolo (1977) revealed that the leading sources of organizational conflict in Nigeria are the conditions of service, opportunity, salary and wages and job security. This is in agreement with the study of Okere; - et al. (2015) who emphasized that employer, employee agreement must be fulfilled to avoid crises. Although there are some similarities between the two different studies; in my thought the needs of the people in different regions are a contributing factor in conflicts. In anotherShow MoreRelatedProject Management And The Changing Psychological Contract812 Words   |  4 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT AND THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Dainty et al. (2004) explored the nature and content of psychological contract amongst key management group in construction industry in the UK. Psychological contract is defined by Rousseau (1995, p.9) as â€Å"individual beliefs, shaped by the organization, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individual and their organization†. They are informal, unwritten mutual expectation of input and subsequent output in employment relationshipRead MoreFive Models of Organization Behavior729 Words   |  3 PagesMoney | Support | Team work | Caring,Compassion | Employee orientation | Obedience | Securityamp;Benefits | Job performance | Responsiblebehavior | Psychologicalownership | Employee psychological result | Dependenceonboss | Dependenceonorganization | Participation | Self discipline | Self-motivation | Employee needs met | Subsistence | Security | Statusamp;Recognition | Self actualization | Wide range | Performance result | Minimum | Passivecooperation | Awakeneddrives | Moderate enthusiasm |Read MoreInside Terrorism : Psychological And Behavioral Factors1742 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism: Psychological and Behavioral Factors Terrorism is a difficult issue to understand and grasp for many people. What is even more difficult to understand is what drives an individual to become radicalized to the point of joining a terrorist organization and committing terrorist acts. While there is not specific criteria or a â€Å"cookie cutter† approach to understanding what motivates and radicalizes an individual to participate in such atrocities, there are however, several psychological and behavioralRead MoreHow Best Can Managers Ensure Employees Are Motivated At Work?1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthey can. Therefore, the term motivation is introduced, in order to make people want and willing to do things. This essay will be looking at how best managers can ensure their employees are motivated at work, because this is important for an organization to achieve its goals. Before we start, we have to clarify the term: motivation. Motivation has to do with a set of independent/dependent variable relationships that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individual’s behaviourRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagescompany or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they must follow, yet their codes are significantly different compared to the NASW, NOHS, and APA organizations. SimilaritiesRead MoreThe Benefits of a Psychological Contract in Employee Performance1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Psychological contract is expectations of an employee or workforce towards employer that somewhat loosely refers to the actual. It represents basic senses that are obligations, rights, and also rewards (www.wikipedia.com.my). An obligation is a duty of employee of their task. The employee must know their task and do it effectively. Everyone have their right, employees also have it. So the employees and employers must know their right. While reward is one of the powerful influencesRead MoreThe Attack Of A National Disaster1498 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial effects, and psychological effects. In the wake of a national disaster, a psychological support agency would be critical to the recovery of victims of the event. To develop an ideal agency to act in response to psychological symptoms that develop, this research paper will create a framework for an agency, outlining the size, qualifications and skills of employees, services provided, components and mission of the agency and how the agency will work with other organizations. The MissionRead MoreFor Maximum Productivity And Employee Satisfaction In The943 Words   |  4 PagesFor maximum productivity and employee satisfaction in the workplace, employers should employ effective strategies in the workplace. In this paper, we are going to discuss three of these techniques: employee selection principles and techniques, psychological testing, and working conditions. Before we apply these theories or techniques to the Grenadian workplace, we will describe them briefly as to can get an idea on what each entail. Something that is frequently seen in the Grenadian workplace is theRead MoreThe Psychological Contract by Denise Rousseau1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Psychological Contract Denise Rousseau (1989) develops the concept psychological contract. It is a mutual understanding, and unofficial obligations between employer and employee. It is different from the formal contract which identifies mutual duties and responsibilities. For example, remuneration, the provision of training, security, interest and work-life balance in exchange for flexibility, effort, loyalty, commitment and innovation from the employee. There is strong positive relationshipRead MoreReasons For Improving The Level Of Commitment And Employee Motivation Among The Staff At The Radio Station846 Words   |  4 PagesQ6. Decisions that need to be made. Right now Currently, there is the need to help improve the level of commitment and employee motivation among the staff at the radio station. Long-term In the long-run, there will be the need to alter the organizational structure to set up clear and efficient lines of command, developing a clear mission and vision that would guide the activities of the firm and enhancing the working conditions at the radio station by improving the nature of their working relationship

Ageism Is Prevalent At Every Stage Of A Person s Career

Over the last few years there has been a growing concern over ageism in America’s places of business, not only through job advertisement, but also during the hiring process, among current employees, and even issues during the end of a person’s career. While there are many types of discrimination in the workplace, all of which are illegal, ageism is prevalent at every stage of a person’s career and can impact not only the employee or potential employee, but the whole company as wellcompany as a whole. Individuals who are over the age of sixty-five make up a large percent of the workforce, and many are dedicated to their employers, it’s when the employer believes that they can hire someone who is much young to do the work that ageism begins to play a role in their career. It isn’t till they companies see that it may take three younger employees to complete the task that of a senior employee. Ageism has been defined as a type of discrimination that has a prejudice against an individual based on their age (Cherry, 2015). This was first used by Robert Butler, a gerontologist, who published back in 1969 the article that stated that ageism was a â€Å"serious national problem† (Levy; Macdonald, 2016). Mr. Butler was trying to help other understand and describe the stereotype and discrimination against the elder generation, and to show that ageism was as big of an issue compared to racism and sexism (Brownell, 2014). Since the establishment of Ageism, the growing work force of agedShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am Frail Aged Patients1751 Words   |  8 Pagesinvolved in transporting many people ie. such as people over the age of sixty five (frail aged). Explain why frail aged patients will be the future focus of paramedic work and discuss the personal attributes and skills needed to support patients at this stage of their lives. Utilising the language of social psychology. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) by 2036 people aged sixty-five and older (frail aged) will make up 21.9% of the total New South Wales population. In 2007, there wereRead MoreAgeism in Healthcare6728 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿ Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare Student Name Professor Name DHA-865 July 14, 2013 Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare While the â€Å"Greatest Generation† is a title often given to those Americans who lived and died during the era of the Great Depression and World War II, their offspring, the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation, significantly shaped and improved the American landscape as well if for no greater reason than

Housing Issues faced by Indigenous People-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the '' Housing Issues faced by Indigenous People in the remote Communities of Australia. Answer: Introduction: It has been identified that overcrowded houses are a major threat in aboriginal communities in Australia. It is also a fact that overcrowding leads to a large range of issues negatively influencing all areas of peoples lives. It might seem that there are some particular differences between indigenous people as well as the white communities but this demonstrates that these distinctions are indeed striking in some particular elements of life such as crime, rates, employment rates and alcohol-related violence. However, the major focus of the essay is on the housing issues faced by the indigenous people living in Australia. The essay focuses on some major challenges that cause the housing issues; overcrowded population is seemed to be one of those challenges. Nevertheless, with deep exploration, the essay finds out several other factors and challenges that cause the housing issues of indigenous people. Discussion: When focusing on the housing issues of aboriginal people in Australia, it is particularly found that overcrowding is a common issue in aboriginal communities and camps. For example, in Western Australia, 350 people sharing 42 houses and most of which having three bedrooms only (Garling et al., 2013). Rigby et al., (2011) in their experimental study found that indigenous communities have to share one shower as well as bathroom with up to 12 people and this range could increase up to four generation. In this context, Hajkowicz, Heyenga and Moffat, (2011) commented that the lack of privacy is another significant challenge of overcrowding. This is because due to lack of security of life and essential needs, the indigenous communities prefer to stay together. In 2011, almost 670,000 indigenous people were living in Australia (Green, Niall, Morrison, 2012). It is anticipated that by 2030, this number could exceed one million, where aboriginal people holding 3.9% of the population (McHenry , 2011). In addition to this, it is also observed that in 2011 more than one in three indigenous people were under 16 years (36%) in comparison with one fifth of non-aboriginal (Ford, 2012). In such mass population, almost 254 Australian aboriginal languages are spoken during the colonization. Nonetheless, a survey conducted in 2011 found that almost 145 indigenous languages are spoken to some large extent, where less than 20% are considered to be stable and are spoken by all existing generation. According to Bourke et al., (2012), affordable as well as culturally appropriate housing especially remains difficult to attain for several aboriginal people living in the indigenous community of South Australia. It is also identified that a large proportion of the publicly owned housing has been developed to accommodate the small families consisting of parents and kids instead of providing it to the extended family groups. Another general fact is that when there is no secondary housing option, indigenous people could find themselves without proper rooms in their houses, and observe large drains on their economical as well as material resource. Hence, a proper term used to explain the situation is overcrowding, but Fien et al., (2011) argues that real issues might include the inappropriate houses, mainstream housing policies, services and other affordable options. Several investigations conducted on the aboriginal issues help to know that there is lack of political attention to deal with overcrowding by having control of public housing for indigenous. This means the political framework or the regulatory bodies of the nation could contribute to the development of houses of aboriginal people. In this context, Jorm et al., (2012) commented that a large proportion of public housing appears to be mainstreamed in spite of a wide body of evidence arguing that this approach does not resolve issues but it certainly generates additional barriers for the people to sustain their basic human right to food and shelter. Stevens and Bailie, (2012) mentioned that South Australian Housing Strategy Green Paper suggested that with one and a half of page devoted to Aboriginal housing add the government of those particular regions has the equal opportunities to have access to housing. The opposition political party of the nation has raised the question that adequate housing should be provided to Aboriginal understanding of homelessness in the formulation of new regulation. Moreover, the mainstream definition of homelessness remains inappropriate for the indigenous people and it should be redefined as losing ones sense of control over the region where one lives, with three divisions such as public place dwellers, spiritually homeless people and the risk of homelessness. According to Howitt, Havnen and Veland, (2012), the provision of affordable, appropriate and secure housing needs to be there in urban and remote communities of Australia. Adequate attention should be given to the children who are aboriginal who are specially and linguistically diverse. The children in such community could face the disadvantages, disconnection from services, racism and the barriers to access housing. From this particular fact, it has become certain that indigenous people are squeezed up in one little house and the government has been informed many times about the issues. For example, a Warlpiri woman spent her entire life in Lajamanu having three generation, living with her husband, two sons, one daughter in law and a granddaughter (Bailie, Stevens McDonald, 2011). Therefore, it has also been identified that as the government did not show much concern, those indigenous people are begging for new houses. The community where almost 90% are indigenous is one of several reasons is to be dealing with overcrowding, which is certainly a barrier. Moreover, the analysis discovered as indigenous proportion of the population increases; thereby, average household size also increases per individual. For example, Georgina McLeod has lived in Kalkarindji for more than 25 years and hence census demonstrate that an average 4.7 people in each dwelling as well as 1.8 in each room (Kruske et al., 2012). Nonetheless, the reality is found to be different where some houses have five or four families and each of the families is living in a single room. There are some scenarios that these indigenous people have fridge in their bedroom because it is the only way they could keep their food safe from others who may be in the house and keeping the refrigerator away from the reach is not safe, as someone hungry that comes along as well as breaks into that room. Hence, Fitzpatrick et al., (2012) mentioned that overcrowding associated with housing is largely cited factor in the context of aboriginal disadvantages, which includes both health and safety. Maru et al., (2014) mentioned that presently, there is a shortage of more than 20,000 properties across the nation, which is appropriate for the indigenous people. The Australian Bureau of Statistics views this severe overcrowding to be a form of homelessness, which further could make up the largest homelessness group for the past few centuries. On the other side, some of them intend to extend their generation, which causes over-population. In this context, Grant et al., (2014) commented that rates of overcrowding increases with remoteness, which affects almost 13% of adults in some of the major cities of Australia, followed by 20% in regional areas as well as 48% of those in remote areas. According to Cuervo, Barakat and Turnbull, (2015), in some particular remote communities, almost two-third of Aboriginal people live in overcrowded houses. However, the reality could be worse compared to the official statistic mentioned above. According to the Australia Bureau of Statistics, average of 4.7 people per house and 1.8 in room is there in the indigenous community (Abs.gov.au. 2017). A study conducted by Cuervo, Barakat and Turnbull, (2015), shown that almost 3 people living in one house and the most significant fact is that these conditions have been existing for more than 7 decades. It has also been identified that Australia lacked an adequate, consistent, long-term and holistic housing strategy and regulatory framework against which the appropriate initiatives can be taken. Altman, (2016) argued that most Australians did not know the fact that United Nations have declared that Australia has worst indigenous housing in the whole world. Considering this particular fact, Byrnes, (2016) mentioned that houses can be overcrowded for temporary as well as permanent reasons. More specifically, the temporary overcrowding happens because the family comes from their homes in remote communities into town as well as stay with their relatives. This means the families come from their homes in the remote communities into town as well as stay with their relatives. Usually, they come in for shopping or visiting families who are in town, as they have to be on dialysis. Sprianovic et al., (2014) mentioned that almost 21% of the families in remote communities had temporary visits that last two weeks. Furthermore, it was also studied that incident of death could take several days to overcome; thereby, the families have to stay with other indigenous people. Conversely, permanent overcrowding could take place due to the uninhabitable house. The data provided by National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, almost 40% of aboriginal people in non-remote areas and almost 58% people in remote areas reported that their homes were structurally damaged, where almost 7% required to be completely replaced (Fredericks et al., 2015). As put forward by (Sprianovic, et al., 2014), the choice of lifestyle is another significant reason of permanent overcrowding-such as some families tend to select to live in large, multi-generational household, in spite of other houses being available in the community and these families might not necessarily consider their houses to be crowded; however, they suffer the same health effects. Altman, (2016) stated that the fact hundreds of aboriginal homeless people is disabled with poor physical health. It is further observed that because of the cultural obligation, the indigenous people require a differe nt type of house that could help to generate strategy that is more effective. For example, the young children who were deprived from their parents live with another aboriginal family. Garling et al., (2013) mentioned that overcrowding could generate large effect on the indigenous communities, people and their families. For example, domestic violence caused by overcrowding could lead to stress, fighting and drinking. People living in such community or families might have poor mental health, which is exposed to such conditions for long time and the people could suffer from enormous mental health issues. In this context, Rigby et al., (2011) commented that lack of safe and appropriate housing in remote indigenous communities remains as the potential driver for people to shift to urban cities, where at least they could live on the street and in bush camps. Furthermore, it has also been observed that one of the significant issues facing indigenous people is the need for housing that caters to the social and cultural needs. Hence, this might include the needs to ensure that Australia Government establishes the capacity of Aboriginal Community Control Housing Organization in a similar way as it seeks to do with the mainstream community housing providers. It has been identified that it is not uncommon for large number of extended family members to live in the same house. This could place the household under pressure as well as cause overcrowding, which eventually leads to housing issues. It has been identified that overcrowding particularly for extended period could damage the rental arrangements to exile of the residents. As put forward by Green, D., Niall and Morrison, (2012), temporary mobility could lead to overcrowding because some aboriginal people could experience homelessness when roam around the regions, sometimes, the country to take advantages of health services and take part in the cultural gathering. This fact certainly could stress on the services and it could lead to the new development of emerging transactional accommodation to identify the issues. As put forward by McHenry, (2011) there is presently a shortage of more than 20,000 properties across the nation Australia that could be affordable and appropriate for the indigenous people. It has been observed that the deficiency of larger culturally appropriate houses that could accommod ate the kin. In this context, Ford, (2012) commented that because of the remote location of several aboriginal people, there is a deficiency of specialist homelessness service. As discussed above the indigenous communities in Australia suffer from the housing issues due to the overcrowding. However, another factor found behind the fact of overcrowding is that aboriginal people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds face additional barriers that might include the discrimination as well as the absence of cultural responsiveness by health and human services. Moreover, indigenous people belonging to rural as well as remote communities observe a large range of disadvantages with respect to education, health and wellbeing, employment and engaged in the criminal justice system. In this context, Stevens and Bailie (2012) commented that housing overcrowding is much higher for indigenous people in the remote areas and on a frequent basis; they have to travel long distance to have the health, education and other essential services. Hence, Bailie, Stevens McDonald (2011) argued that indigenous people in the distance areas have larger ownership of land and the acquisition and control of land could provide a series of economies, social and economic benefits to aboriginal people. The density of population of indigenous people in remote and major areas of the nation indicates that almost 25% of indigenous people live in remote areas while 32% live in the large cities (Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). Figure 1: Proportion of aboriginal people in Australian (Source: Maru et al., 2014) As discussed earlier, overcrowding is a major factor that creates the housing issues among the indigenous people but people maintain such practice of staying together in a small house. As the result, the life style of such community is deteriorating. It has been identified that mostly in remote areas; average learning outcomes for aboriginal students were lower compared to other students in a different community living near to the town or township. Grant et al., (2014) particularly mentioned that in the year 2008, in the remote areas, almost 36% of aboriginal people failing under the age group 20-24 year old achieved a year 12 equivalent or above in comparison with non-aboriginal 20-24 year olds (Cuervo, Barakat Turnbull, 2015). Figure 2: Aboriginal students having the national minimum standard for writing, 2010 (Source: Cuervo, Barakat Turnbull, 2015) Apart from education, the major issue associated with housing provides other facts to observe such as the crisis of houses and land in the indigenous community. As put forward by Lee et al., (2016) in 2013, only 10% of indigenous adults in indigenous community live in the houses owned by one individual of the household. Figure 3: Aboriginal people in overcrowding housing, 2008 (Source: Cuervo, Barakat Turnbull, 2015) Apart from the above presented figure, almost 50,000 aboriginal households living in indigenous communities tend to dwell with some large structural issues like shifting foundation as well as the persistent electrical issue (Altman, 2016). In this context, Byrnes et al., (2016) commented that almost 39% of the aboriginal adults are probably living in housing with the structural techniques. Furthermore, it has been identified that the major structural issue was observed to be general in the rented housing in comparison with other housing. By conducting a survey, Sprianovic et al., (2014) found that the most usual type of problems, which are the major cracks in walls and floor affecting 13% of all indigenous people. Likewise, almost 9% of adults are affected due to the cracks walls and in windows and 6% of them suffering from the plumbing issues (Fredericks et al., 2015). Furthermore, there has been a decrease in indigenous household focusing on the structural issues with dwelling, whi ch particularly decrease from 35% to 24% in 2012 (Byrnes et al., 2016). Going forward, having access to the fundamental household facilities like washing and laundry facilities enabling the safe storage and preparation of food as well as safe waste removal is significant for assuring a healthy living environment. A survey conducted by Cuervo, Barakat and Turnbull, (2015) especially indicates that the major and the usual issue observed by indigenous people is faults in cooking facilities; moreover, almost 7% of adults observing issues with their over and stove, almost 3% of the people observing problem with fridge. Furthermore, (Fitzpatrick et al., (2012) commented that overcrowding could negatively affect the household infrastructure. Furthermore, Sprianovic et al., (2014) raised the fact that some aboriginal people in the remote areas and in some interior areas were, to some extent, employed via CDEPD (Community Development Employment Projects). Nonetheless, Garling et al., (2013) argued that in the interior places of those communities, almost 19% of aboriginal falling under the age group 15 years to 64 years was unemployed. On the contrary, when it comes to the relevant factor of housing such as the acquisition of land, it is identified that nearly 98% indigenous acquired land in the interior areas of Australia. Hence, the people of aboriginal community obtain a set of cultural and social benefits for acquiring the lands. These benefits might include large access to wide sites for cultural maintenance, the benefits of customary duties like hunting, fishing as well as gathering. Considering the fact that the indigenous people of Australia are in miserable condition due to numerous severe issues, the problem of them regarding the housing must be solved at the highest priority. It is evident from the above discussion that there is not one issue that is causing the aboriginals of remote communities to face the problem of the housing. Moreover, the problem of the housing is leading the aboriginal people to encounter several health issues. The numerical data is the evident of the existence of the indigenous people more on the remote area than on the country side. Therefore, there must have recommendation for resolving the issues. At the initial stage of the resolving program of the issue, it must be remembered that the gap between the indigenous people and the non-indigenous people is wide enough to enable the indigenous people for taking steps to close the same (Nicholls, 2014). On the other hand, the presence of discrimination in the society as well as in the communities is resulting into the ineffectiveness of the minimal steps taken for resolving he issues. As recommended above in the essay that the general people of the society must take proper initiatives in terms eliminating the issues present in the communities. However, the recommendation is also indicated towards the political parties of Australia and the government as well. The program of resolving the housing issues within the aboriginals of the remote communities refers to the initial steps of implementing the model of anti-oppressive approach. This approach is based on the social distinction of the class, race, religion and other issues (Bennett , 2014). The anti oppressive approach is there to remove the injustice and the discrimination within the social context and to restore the equity in the society in terms of the housing problem of the aboriginals. As remarked by, Smyth and Dimond, (2014), anti oppressive practice is the dynamic process which is based on the changing and complex pattern of the social relations. The definition of the anti oppressive practice presents a clear understanding of the division of power within the social context and further refers to the elimination of the discriminative issues and practice present in the society. There are few principles categorized by the anti oppressive model. This principle is helpful in terms of the detecting the nature of the social issues presents in the society and according to that the model can be implemented for the same. The principles are based on the different issues and factors of discrimination of the people (Bennett, 2014). The first principle of the anti oppressive theory is applicable to the housing issues of the aboriginal people of the remote communities. The social difference is the first principles that denote the disparities of power among the dominated and domi nant social class. The differentiation of the social groups is based on the class, gender, race, religions, disability, historical context and the sexual preferences. Therefore, the case of the aboriginal people of Australia is one of the contrasting issues that come under the social differences principle of the anti oppressive theory. The remote communities comprising the aboriginal people of Australia are marginalized due to the inadequacy of basic infrastructure, service, geographic isolation and the socio economic status (Smyth Dimond, 2014). This particular model of the anti oppressive theoretical approach is vital in terms of the improving the livelihood of the indigenous people of Australia. There is no doubt that these people are the victim of the social differences. The anti oppressive model is recommended to the both governmental and non-governmental social welfare organizations in terms of providing them better housing. The gap within the two groups must be closed with the implementation of appropriate strategies. It is recommended to the leaders of the society to have knowledge of the wretched condition of the aboriginal people of Australia. The strategic approach is needed because without the proper planning and the implementation of the same the improvement in the condition of the these aboriginal pe ople is not possible the anti oppressive model entails the planning of the strategies related to the each and every issues that is emerged from the issue of the insufficient and improper housing (Short, 2016). As stated by Manitowabi and Gauthier-Frohlick, (2012), the housing issue of the aboriginal people raises the major problems in cooking, education and health. Among these issues, the health is major and basic problem for the indigenous people of Australia. Therefore, the strategies must focus on the improvement of the health issues of the aboriginal people. The health issues that have majorly impacted on the health of the indigenous people of the remote communities within Australia are needed to be focused while implementing the model of anti oppressive approach of social differences. The recommended strategies for the implementation of the anti oppressive strategies are providing general health benefits, educating the aboriginal people, inclusivity in the thought and perception, free medication and others. The health of the people of the aboriginal communities in the remote areas is severely affected by the inadequacy of the inadequacy of the housing of them (Memmott, Birdsall-Jones Greenop, 2012). The essay in mentions the health issues in detail previously. Bennett, (2014) commented in this regard that the health of the women and the children in the communities are majorly affected by the problem of housing (Manitowabi Gauthier-Frohlick, (2012). Therefore, this particular issue needs special attention while implementing the model of anti oppressive practice for the aboriginal people in terms of dealing with the housing problem. The purpose of the anti oppressive approach is to remove the oppressive and discriminative complexities within the aboriginals (Hick, 2017). While strategizing the approach for the aboriginal people of the remote communities of Australia, the leaders must take into consideration the socio economic status of the people. The geographical division and the distribution of the power along with the existence of the historical background of these people are the responsible factor for the emergence of the issue of the housing. The anti oppressive approach for the indigenous people must checks on these factors in order to take proper steps and strategies advancement initiatives. On the other hand, the issues regarding the household activities also must be covered within the approach of the anti oppressive model. Therefore, the anti oppressive practice must include the facilities for the household activities of the aboriginal people. Being in the remote areas, these people are lacking the basic facilities for their household works along with the housing problems. In fact, the problems of the household activities come from the housing issue. Hence, the implication for resolving this particular issue refers to the anti oppressive approach in terms of providing at least minimal amount of basic facilities to the indigenous people. The anti oppressive theories refer to the understanding of the social status of the aboriginal people in terms of solving the issue of the housing in the remote areas. Hence, from the understanding of the severity and importance of the problem of the housing of the aboriginal people of Australia, indicates the need of educating the people of the communities. The people of the communities need to be educated properly in order to make them self dependent (OSullivan, 2012). It must be noted that it is not possible to remove all the problems related to issue of housing individually. Rather it is recommended to take steps which will be applicable for the housing issue and the other related issues will be resolved accordingly. Hick, (2017) opined that the proper education is capable of eliminating half of the problems of the indigenous people. However, it must be remembered that the people of the communities are not educated and providing education to them is difficult as they are enriched with their own cultural ideologies and beliefs. The recommendation implies that the anti oppressive theories must approach the educational perspective in order to make the indigenous people aware of their problems and find the solution of the same. Therefore, the anti oppressive theory is the crucial theory for removing the discrimination in the Australian society which is causing the severe problem to the aboriginal people of remote communities in terms of housing (Hunt, 2013). At the same time another theory can be applied on resolving the issue of housing and other issues related to the same. The indigenous standpoint theory presents the viewpoint of the indigenous people in terms of understanding the problems and issues of them. As stated by Moreton-Robinson, (2013), the theory denotes its name and refers to the reconciliation of the two different groups for working towards the same goal. The implementation of the theory is important because the other social groups must know and understand the problems that the aboriginal people encounter by living in the communities of remote areas. Besides, the execution of the theory is crucial for realizing the severity of the issues within the aboriginal communities. Dei, (2013) remarked that it is necessary to implement the theory in the approach of initiating the resolving program of the housing issues of the people of the aboriginal communities of Australia in order to have a clear idea about the cultures, practices, beliefs and traditions. It is impossible to provide the appropriate solution for resolving the issue of housing without understanding the internal culture and practice of them (Bunda, Zipin Brennan, 2012). It is found that the there has been initiatives of the housing programs by different government and non government organizations due to the lack of understating between the indigenous and non-indigenous people. The cultural and social beliefs of the aboriginal people are different from the non-indigenous people. Utilization of the indigenous standpoint theory will help reducing the gaps between the two groups and consequently the housing program initiatives will be executed (Donald, 2012). On the other hand, the indigenous standpoint theory is essential in order to understand the historical context of the aboriginal people in the remote communities of Australia. The treatment of the historical perspective is necessary in order to identify the proper housing planning and scheme applicable to them. In this context, Moreton-Robinson, (2013) commented that the historical perspective of the communities people is important as it is found in most of the context that the aboriginal people are sentimental about their history. Therefore, it is crucial to remember that while approaching any housing program to the indigenous community people, the proper historical treatment is important. Apart from this theoretical recommendation for resolving the issue of the housing of the aboriginal people, the initiatives from governmental bodies are needed. The initiatives must include the financial help, educational help and other general aids (Walker, Porter Marsh, 2012). The government of Australia is needed because the support and the help of the government are important in terms of legal and ethical consideration of the initiatives. However, the indigenous standpoint theory also serves the purpose of the ethical consideration, but the governmental initiatives strengthen the approach. In addition, the non governmental bodies are not always able to provide legal support to the aboriginal people entirely (Jacobs, 2015). It must be understood that the legal consideration is important for avoiding any legal issues and conflicts in the housing programs. Along with this, the governmental involvement will also ensure the ethical practice of the program initiated for the indigenous people. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded from the above discourse that the issue of housing is one of the major and burning issue within the aboriginal people of the remote communities of Australia. The importance of the housing issue refers to the various other issues that are affecting the livelihood of the people of the communities. The numeric data on the demographic of the aboriginal people shows that the people of the aboriginal communities live more on the remote areas rather than the country and the country side. The issue of housing is the constant and existing within the communities. Besides, the issue is creating other major problems for the aboriginal people of the communities. The essay presents the recommendation on the initiatives that can be taken for the reduction and elimination of the housing issue that is present within the communities of the aboriginal people or remote areas. The recommendation discusses two theories based on the present conditions of the aboriginal people of Australia. The first theories present the anti oppressive practice that refers to the elimination of the discrimination of the social power. 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If the land's sick, we're sick: The impact of prolonged drought on the social and emotional well?being of Aboriginal communities in rural New South Wales.Australian Journal of Rural Health,19(5), 249-254. Short, D. (2016).Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge. Smyth, T., Dimond, J. (2014). Anti-oppressive design.interactions,21(6), 68-71. Sprianovic, C., Clare, J., Bartels, L., Clare, M., Clare, B. (2014). Aboriginal young people in the children's court of Western Australia: Findings from the national assessment of Australian children's courts.UW Austl. L. Rev.,38, 86. Stevens, M., Bailie, R. (2012). Gambling, housing conditions, community contexts and child health in remote indigenous communities in the Northern Territory, Australia.BMC public health,12(1), 377. Walker, B. W., Porter, D. J., Marsh, I. (2012). Fixing the Hole in Australia's Heartland: How Government needs to work in remote Australia.

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JAMES WELDON JOHNSON Essays

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JAMES WELDON JOHNSON James Weldon Johnson was a writer, diplomat, professor, and editor,who also described himself as a man of letters and a civil rights leader. Even though, he is no longer living, James Weldon Johnson has left much abouthis contributions to African American literature. Johnson was born June 17,1871 in Jacksonville, Florida to James and Helen Louise (Dallied) Johnson. Johnson's father, James Johnson, was born a freeman and was of mixed ancestry. He was a headwaiter in St. James Hotel. Mr. Johnson taughthis son how to speak Spanish as a young boy. Johnson's mother, Helen Johnson, was born a free woman in the West Indies. Mrs. Helen was awoman of French and Black ancestry. She was the first black American to teach in the state of Florida. Mrs. Helen also taught her son to play the guitar(Otfinoski 22). Johnson was born the second of three children: John Rosamond, also known as "Rozy," and a sister which died shortly after birth (Logan and Winston, " James Weldon Johnson" 353). He was originally named Johnson "James William Johnson," by his parents, but in 1913, he changed his middle name to Weldon (Kranz, "James Weldon Johnson" 78). Sept 1 Johnson was a well-educated man of his time. During his first few years of school he attended, Stanton, which offered blacks an education up to the eight grade. Stanton was one of the best black schools in Johnson's hometown. He graduated from Stanton at the age of 16 and went on to attend a secondary school and college at Atlanta University. Johnson attended Atlanta University in Georgia because there were no school's beyond grammar school for blacks in Jacksonville, Florida and the university ran a special high school program for blacks (23,28). Johnson furthered his education at the university believing that it would educate him more in his interest of black people (Adams 155). In 1894, Johnson graduated with honors from Atlanta University receiving his bachelor's degree. He also gave the graduation speech (Kanzs 77-79). During Johnson's lifetime he had many careers helping others and writing. Johnson was a poet, songwriter, editor, civil rights leader, lawyer, educator, and diplomat (Metzger et. al. 303). Russell L. Adams, author of Great Negroes Past and Present, stated, "Johnson had a talent for persuading people of differing ideological agendas to work together for a common goal. . . " (Adams 77-79). Sept 2 Paying his own way through school, Johnson worked in a lathe factory during college and in the summer at a rural school teaching in Georgia, which paid a nickel per student, to help pay his way through college (Otfinoski 23). When Johnson graduated from Atlanta University in 1894, he turned down a medical scholarship at Harvard to accept a job as principal at the All- Black Stanton school in Jacksonville, Florida. While principal at Stanton, Johnson visited local white schools to compare the levels of education being taught because he felt that all black children in his hometown should have the same opportunity of being taught the same levels of education. So, in doing that he started secretly teaching freshman classes without the supervisor's permission. After Johnson told his supervisor about teaching freshman classes, he was so impressed that he decided to expand Stanton to a four-year high school for blacks (23). By 1901 Johnson was financially and mentally secure enough from his song royalties he decided it was time to resign as principal in Jacksonville and devote all of his time to writing. So, he moved to New York City with his brother, Rosamond. While in New York City Johnson met a young person by the name of Grace Nail, the daughter of a real estate broker, at a dance (Tolbert- Sept 3 Rouchaleau 55). On February 3, 1910, Grace Nail became the wife of James Weldon Johnson. Also while living in New York, he studied drama and literature at Columbia University and graduated in 1905 (Otfinoski 25). Johnson's mother encouragement in reading, drawing, and listening to music really paid off (Metzger et. Al. 304). He started writing in a black dialect, influenced by Paul Dunbar, and standard english on racial issues that he was witnessing around him (Kranz 78). Johnson had many of his poems published in the Century and the Independent magazines. Johnson's first poem, Since You Went Away, was published in the Century magazine and set to music by his brother to become a popular song. Johnson and his brother also wrote the song, Lift Every Voice and Sing, to celebrate Lincoln's birthday,

Edmontosaurus - Facts and Figures

Edmontosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Edmontosaurus (Greek for Edmonton lizard); pronounced ed-MON-toe-SORE-us Habitat: Swamps of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and 3 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Muscular jaws with numerous teeth; duck-like bill About Edmontosaurus Originally unearthed in Canada (hence its name, honoring the city of Edmonton), Edmontosaurus was a widely distributed plant-eating dinosaur whose strong jaws and numerous teeth could crunch through the toughest conifers and cycads. With its occasionally bipedal stance and medium height, this three-ton hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) probably ate leaves from the low-lying branches of trees, and also got down on all fours when necessary to browse ground-level vegetation. The taxonomic history of Edmontosaurus would make for a good-sized novel. The genus itself was formally named in 1917, but various fossil specimens had been making the rounds well before that; as far back as 1871, the famous paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope described this dinosaur as Trachodon. Over the next few decades, genera like Claosaurus, Hadrosaurus, Thespesius and Anatotitan were thrown around pretty much indiscriminately, some erected to accommodate Edmontosaurus remains and some having new species stuffed under their umbrella. The confusion persists even today; for example, some paleontologists still refer to Anatotitan (the giant duck), even though a strong case can be made that this was actually an Edmontosaurus species. In a stunning feat of retroactive detective work, one paleontologist investigating a bite mark on an Edmontosaurus skeleton determined that it was inflicted by a full-grown Tyrannosaurus Rex. Since the bite was clearly not fatal (theres evidence of bone growth after the wound was incurred), this counts as solid evidence that a) Edmontosaurus was a regular item on T. Rexs dinner menu, and b) T. Rex did occasionally hunt for its food, rather than contenting itself with scavenging already-dead carcasses. Recently, paleontologists discovered a partially mummified Edmontosaurus skeleton bearing an unexpected feature: a fleshy, round, rooster-like comb on top of this dinosaurs head. As yet, its unknown whether all Edmontosaurus individuals possessed this comb, or just one sex, and we cant yet conclude that this was a common feature among other Edmontosaurus-like hadrosaurs.

Crucibles for leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crucibles for leadership - Essay Example In that angle of view, I may be allowed to explain the feelings I surpassed and the knowledge I read in connection with this empirical record as a relative study of the cases of other people as well. From the long road of life I have walked so far, I claimed many leanings that proved promising while not ignoring the impacts of some of the personal choices I made wrongly. The need for analyzing the events and circumstances I have come across in a scientific manner is necessary for framing a crucible experience note for the reference of my trials on personality development and essentially, for the improvement of leadership qualities. Before I enter the details of my experience, I would like to define the term as I understand from certain readings. According to a definition given by some researchers, â€Å"Crucible are more like trials or test that corner individuals and force them to answer questions about who they are and what is really important to them† (Thomas 5). Based on t his definition, I believe in the aspect that leadership is a rather vast subject of learning beyond the teachings from experts and the lectures from scholars. As such there can be more of learning from the lessons of life than those are rendered by academic trainings or spiritual teachings. It seems to be a creative field of observation where and individual has to involve in certain situations, explore their importance and then extract ideas meant for the corrective measures needed for the positive maintenance of his philosophical as well as social outlook. Leadership origins as a part of empirical studies based on the gravity of experiences faced by people during their struggles for excellence, and sometimes, enormous efforts they put in as trials to come out of the deadlocks at some stages of life. Everyone in this world, either deliberately or passively is subject to stand at the receiving end of such experiences that stops their successful run sometimes. The period of such trail varies as the individuals and the situations vary. Also, they all have something to do with the greatest negotiator, time. What all one could focus during the excruciating life experiences at different stages and circumstances would be lessons hiding inside them; and only a watchful observer can deal with the best exploration strategies to fish out the wisdom that lies in the process of unlocking such situations. It was during my second year in the college that I experienced a miserable tenure of suffocating disappointment. Considering the reputation of the college and the competition I had to face to obtain the admission, I must thank God for keeping me there for the course. I had a merit certification from the state level school sports championship in swimming and it helped me achieve grace marks to outsmart a few contestants to my rank. During the first three months, I participated in all the community programs and grabbed the attention of the principal who directed me to join t he college disciplinary group. We were six members from students to be part of the twenty-five member executive body headed by the college physical education head. The first semester was coming to an end and the college was getting ready with the talks related to hosting an inter-university sports meet. I was

Research Methods for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Research Methods for Business - Assignment Example Apart from this based on the study, it has been recognized that during the global trade, companies are facing several kind of risks from the global market place, which may be in terms of political aspects, economical aspects and commercial aspects. USASuperCars has been selling luxury sports cars. The company has developed a contractual agreement for selling cars to customers on a global context. In this respect, the intention of the article is to highlight information relating to foreign exchange along with the concept of global trade. Moreover, the study identifies the role of the bank in the sphere of exchange rate policy. At the same time, the involvement of risks in the foreign trade has been also discussed. In this assignment, selling prices of the USASuperCars has been given below along with the name of the countries. Thus, the aim of this assignment is to identify the consequences according to the situation given in the case. At the same time, involvement and occurrences of bank in case of foreign trade has been demonstrated through the study. In order to identify the probability of exceeding the revenue $ 2,200,000, it can be ascertained that if the company USASuperCars will incur loss approximately around (17%) due to foreign exchange and for other reasons such as distribution purpose, even then the company will definitely be able to ensure a revenue approximately $2,200,000 or more. Rationally, the cost of cars is found to be recorded as $2207607.45, which signifies that during the global trade if the company will perform their trade operation with a loss of 17%, instead of that the company will able to earn a revenue around at least $ 2,200,000. Thus, it can be claimed that the probability is high of exceeding the revenue level $2,200,000 (Niepmann & Schmidt-Eisenlohr, 2014; Economy watch, 2010). In order to identify the probability of exceeding the revenue $2,225,000, it can be claimed that

History of antivirus software

History of antivirus software Antivirus Software History of Antivirus Software There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly the first publicly documented removal of a computer virus in the wild was performed by Brent Fix in 1987. An antivirus program to counter the Polish MKS virus was released in 1987. Dr. Solomons Anti-Virus Toolkit, AIDSTEST and AntiVir were released by in 1988. Dr. Ahn Chul Soo (Charles Ahn, founder of AhnLab Inc) in South Korea also released the Anti-Virus software called V1 in June 10, 1988. By late 1990, nineteen separate antivirus products were available including Norton AntiVirus and McAfee VirusScan. Early contributors to work on computer viruses and countermeasures included Fred Cohen, Peter Tippett, and John McAfee. Before Internet connectivity was widespread, viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently. During this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, initially through the use of modems, viruses spread throughout the Internet. Powerful macros used in word processor applications, such as Microsoft Word, presented a further risk. Virus writers started using the macros to write viruses embedded within documents. This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by documents with hidden attached macros as programs. Later email programs, in particular Microsoft Outlook Express and Outlook, were vulnerable to viruses embedded in the email body itself. Now, a users computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message. This meant that virus checkers had to check many more types of files. As always-on broadband connections became the norm and more and more viruses were released, it became essential to update virus checkers more and more frequently. Even then, a new zero-day virus could become widespread before antivirus companies released an update to protect against it. What is an Antivirus program? An antivirus program is used as a security measure and protection tool against computer viruses. The job of an antivirus program is to scan, detect and prevent viruses. Not all antivirus programs can perform these basic tasks, but this will be discussed later on in this report. Antivirus programs are an essential tool you must have installed on your computer or network. Antivirus programs offer real-time, on-access and on-demand protection for your computer. The way the programs works is based on the version of the antivirus program you have. Antivirus programs can be a standalone or can be included in a protection suite and are distributed in 32 and 64-bit versions on multiple operating systems such as Windows, Linux and Mac, allowing all different types of computers to be protected from malicious software. Why is Antivirus Software Necessary? Security is a major concern when it comes to the safety of your personal information. If someone were to access your information and use it, the consequence would be drastic. Information security is concerned with three main areas; Confidentiality peoples information should only be available to someone who has the right to view it. Availability information should only be accessible when someone needs it. Integrity information should only be modified by people who are authorized to edit it. These concepts apply to home Internet users just as much as they would to any corporate or government network. You probably wouldnt let a stranger look through your important documents. In the same way, you may want to keep the tasks you perform on your computer confidential, whether its tracking your investments or sending email messages to family and friends. Also, you should have some assurance that the information you enter into your computer remains intact and is available when you need it. Some security risks arise from the possibility of intentional misuse of your computer by intruders via the Internet. Others are risks that you would face even if you werent connected to the Internet (e.g. hard disk failures, theft, power outages). The bad news is that you probably cannot plan for every possible risk. The good news is that you can take some simple steps to reduce the chance that youll be affected by the most common threats and some of those steps help with both the intentional and accidental risks youre likely to face. Virus? What is a Virus? Before we go on and tell you how an antivirus program scans, detects and prevents viruses and malware, lets discuss what exactly a virus is. Like its genetic equivalent, a computer virus is a program that spreads unwanted and unexpected actions through the insides of your PC. Not all viruses are malicious, but many are written to damage particular types of files, applications or even operating systems. Some examples of viruses are; Trojan horse viruses, worms, spyware, adware, rootkits, and many other types of malware. Viruses have been around since the early 1970s. Even though they never had an internet connection back in the 70s viruses still infected computers by floppy disks. Yes, FLOPPY DISKS, the old 5 14 disks. The first recorded virus was in 1971 and it was called the Creeper Virus, which was written by Bob Thomas. What the Creeper virus did was it infected a remote computer by the ARPNET and copied itself displaying the message â€Å"IM THE CREEPER: CATCH ME IF YOU CAN!. Ironically the Reaper was created to delete the Creeper. The Reaper program was not like the anti-virus programs we know today, but in fact was a virus itself in that it was self replicating and spread through a network. How an Antivirus Program Works The first and most important task of an antivirus program is to protect, prevent, or block any malicious activity in your computer or home and office network in real-time. The real-time protection should trigger an alert or provide automatic action whenever a suspected or positively identified malware activity is detected. Most antivirus programs will only monitor some critical areas in your computer. When an antivirus program is installed, it will start monitoring the activity of the system by searching files that are being accessed, transferred, or stored to or from the hard disks and external/removable drives. Files that are being downloaded from the Internet are scanned. If a suspicious activity is detected, the antivirus program will automatically remove the file or stop the processes that are posing risk to your system, your contacts, or other computers or devices in on your network, unless you trust the file that you are receiving. Antivirus programs offer several types of detection methods to identify malware, but the most common detection methods is heuristic analysis and by using traditional virus detection (signature-based). 1. Characteristics of a program This is called heuristics scanning. Heuristic scanning engines work on the principle that viruses will usually use certain tricks or methods of infecting, and therefore if a program looks like it might be using those tricks, there is a possibility that the program is a virus. Sound simple? No, not really, its actually incredibly hard to write a foolproof 100% effective heuristics engine. (Engine, simply put, is just a word we use to describe the bit that drives the virus detector and compares files to the database of known infection agents) The more aggressive heuristic scanner may well detect large numbers of so called False Positives i.e. files that are really totally innocent but look like they might alter other files, the less aggressive ones might miss files that really are viruses. A method of heuristic analysis is for the anti-virus program to decompile the suspicious program, and then analyze the source code contained within. In reality heuris tics work quite well for some types of viruses, such as Macro Viruses, but not so well for other types. However, they are a reasonable attempt at providing protection against currently unknown viruses. The advantage to this method is the fact that there is no time period when the computer is not protected after specific viruses are released. The disadvantages include the fact that false positives may occur and some viruses may not be identified during the length of a scan. The first heuristic engines were introduced to detect DOS viruses in 1989. However, there are now heuristic engines for nearly all classes of viruses. 2. Footprint or Signature-based detection of virus program A virus signature is a particular pattern of bits or information contained in a virus that appears in no other file or program in the world, except for that virus. This method is the most common method used to identify viruses and false positives are very rare. It compares the virus footprint against a library of known footprints which match viruses. A footprint is a pattern in the data included in a file. Using this method, viruses must be identified as viruses, and then added to the library of footprints. The advantage to this method lies in the fact that false positives are very rare. The disadvantage to this method is the fact that there is a time period between when the virus is released to when the library of known footprints is updated. During this time period, the virus will not be recognized and could infect a computer. How do antivirus programs rate possible risk? Antivirus programs use a threat level index to determine what type of action to take. If the program is adware only, most antivirus programs will display a dialog box to inform the user why a program or related file of an adware program was detected. If the detected object is posing security and privacy risks, the threat level is medium, high, or severe. The threat level ratings by antivirus programs are not all the same. Some antivirus programs may not detect or even scan for tracking cookies. Some of these are installed when legitimate software downloaded from third-party websites is bundled with another installer from a company that is known to have a spyware or adware business. Quarantine and False Positives in Antivirus Programs Antivirus programs work also by quarantining suspect and malware files. This process is to prevent the offending objects from doing any damage in the system and to allow the end-user to restore back a quarantined object to its original location if it is found to be a false positive. A false positive detection is when a malware signature detected an uninfected file or process. In some cases, a false positive can cause a system to not to boot or run properly. If another program is affected by the false detection, the system will run normally, but not the program that the Antivirus have falsely identified and removed. Types of Antivirus Programs That Are Available On the following page there is a list, in alphabetical order, of some the companies who provide Antivirus programs and the platforms on which they are supported. Company Windows Apple Linux Mobile Free? AntiVir Yes No Yes No Yes AVG Yes No No No Yes Avira Yes No Yes Yes Yes BitDefender Yes No Yes Yes No ClamWin Yes No No No Yes ESET NOD32 Yes No Yes Yes No F-Prot Yes No Yes No No Kaspersky Yes Yes Yes Yes No McAfee Yes Yes Yes Yes No MSE Yes No No No Yes Network Associates Yes Yes Yes Yes No Panda Software Yes No Yes No No RAV Yes Yes Yes No No Sophos Yes Yes Yes No No Symantec (Norton) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Trend Micro Yes No No Yes No Vipre Yes No No No No Webroot Yes No No No No Antivirus Software Now that you have a basic understanding of how an antivirus program works and why you need one, here are some examples of three of the main antivirus programs available today. The main three that this report is going to discuss is Norton, Bitdefender, and Kaspersky. There are different types of antivirus programs available for each manufacturer and the following information is going to discuss these types of programs. Norton by Symantec Norton offers 3 antivirus programs; Norton Antivirus Norton Internet Security Norton 360 Here is a full list of what Norton by Symantec offers for their product line. (Symantec) Core Protection Blocks viruses, spyware, Trojan horses, worms, bots, and rootkits Defends against hackers with quiet two-way firewall Pulse updates every 5 15 minutes for up-to-the minute protection Advanced Protection Norton Bootable Recovery Tool repairs, restores and boots severely infected, unbootable PCs Leverages cloud-based online intelligence for real-time detection of threats Download Insight proactively warns of potential dangers in newly downloaded files and applications before you install or run them Guards against Web attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities Stops threats unrecognized by traditional antivirus techniques Filters unwanted email with professional-strength antispam Helps keep your kids safe online with parental controls (Microsoft Windows only) Networking Helps secure and monitor your home network Automatically secures your PC when connecting to public wireless networks Identity Protection Block hackers from accessing your computer Blocks phishing websites and authenticates trusted sites Secures, stores, and manages login and personal information Prevents hackers from eavesdropping and stealing information as you type Identifies unsafe Web sites in your search results Backup and Restore Automatically saves important files locally or to secured online storage Restores lost files and folders PC Tuning Optimizes the hard drive to free up disk space Optimizes PC performance with disk cleanup Provides clear insight into recent PC activities to help prevent slowdowns Optimizes application performance with one-click Support Free email, chat, or phone support Automatically finds and fixes common PC problems The following is a table of what exactly the three antivirus programs from Norton offer. Norton Internet Security Norton 360 Norton Antivirus Blocks viruses, spyware, Trojan horses, worms, bots, and rootkits Yes Yes Yes Defends against hackers with a quiet two-way firewall Yes Yes No Pulse updates every 5-15 minutes for up-to-the minute protection Yes Yes Yes Intelligence-driven technology for faster, fewer, shorter scans Yes Yes Yes Norton Bootable Recovery Tool repairs, restores and boots severely infected, unbootable PCs Yes Yes Yes Leverages cloud-based online intelligence for real-time detection of threats Yes Yes Yes Download Insight proactively warns of potential dangers in newly downloaded files and applications before you install or run them Yes Yes Yes Guards against Web attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities Yes Yes Yes Stops threats unrecognized by traditional antivirus techniques Yes Yes Yes Filters unwanted email with professional-strength antispam Yes No No Helps keep your kids safe online with parental controls (Microsoft Windows only) Yes Yes No Helps secure and monitor your home network Yes Yes No Automatically secures your PC when connecting to public wireless networks Yes Yes No Block hackers from accessing your computer Yes Yes No Blocks phishing websites and authenticates trusted sites Yes Yes No Secures, stores, and manages login and personal information Yes Yes No Prevents hackers from eavesdropping and stealing information as you type Yes Yes No Identifies unsafe Web sites in your search results Yes Yes No Automatically saves important files locally or to secured online storage No Yes No Restores lost files and folders No Yes No Optimizes the hard drive to free up disk space No Yes No Optimizes PC performance with disk cleanup No Yes No Provides clear insight into recent PC activities to help prevent slowdowns Yes Yes Yes Optimizes application performance with one-click Yes Yes Yes Free email, chat, or phone support Yes Yes Yes Automatically finds and fixes common PC problems Yes Yes Yes Bitdefender Bitdefenders product line for antivirus software is; Bitdefender Antivirus Bitdefender Internet Security Bitdefender Total Security Here is a list of what Bitdefender offers for there product line. (Bitdefender) Protection Antivirus Protects against viruses and other malware with industry-leading technology Multi-layered proactive protection against new and unknown threats Antispyware Blocks concealed programs that track your online activities Antiphishing Blocks web pages that attempt to steal your credit card data Antispam Stops unwanted e-mails from reaching your Inbox Firewall Automatically secures your Internet connection wherever you are Helps prevent outsiders form accessing your Wi-Fi network Performance Special Operating Modes Game Mode reduces system load postpones scans Laptop Mode prolongs battery life Tune-up Removes unnecessary files registry entries, for optimized performance Privacy IM Encryption Keeps your conversations private on Yahoo! And MSN Messenger File Vault Locks up confidential files in an encrypted vault File Shredder Ensures that no traces of deleted sensitive files remain on your PC Control Parental Control Blocks access to inappropriate websites and e-mail Limits kids access to the Internet, games, etc†¦ to specific times Home Network Manages the security of your entire network from a single location Data Backup Automatically backs up files and folders The following is a table of what exactly the three antivirus programs from Bitdefender offer. Bitdefender Antivirus Bitdefender Internet Security Bitdefender Total Security Antivirus Yes Yes Yes Antispyware Yes Yes Yes Antiphishing Yes Yes Yes Antispam No Yes Yes Firewall No Yes Yes Special Operating Modes Yes Yes Yes Tune-up No Yes Yes IM Encryption No Yes Yes File Vault No Yes Yes File Shredder No No Yes Parental Controls No Yes Yes Home Network Yes Yes Yes Data Backup No No Yes Kaspersky Kasperskys product line for antivirus software is; Kaspersky Antivirus Kaspersky Internet Security Here is a list of what Kaspersky offers for there product line. (Kaspersky) Protection from†¦ Viruses and spyware Infected websites Hacker attacks Spam and phishing Identity theft Features Comparison Virus and vulnerability scanner Proactive protection against programs based on their behaviour Restriction of access to private data by suspicious programs Application control Safe run mode (sandbox) to test questionable programs Network Protection Two-way personal firewall Secure wireless connections in public areas Email Protection Real-time scanning of email Anti-spam, Anti-phishing Web Protection Virtual keyboard to safely enter sensitive data Removal of Internet activity (history, cookies, etc) Parental Control Kaspersky Antivirus Kaspersky Internet Security Viruses and spyware Yes Yes Infected Websites Yes Yes Hacker attacks No Yes Spam and phishing No Yes Identity theft No Yes Virus and vulnerability scanner Yes Yes Proactive protection against programs based on their behavior Yes Yes Restriction of access to private data by suspicious programs No Yes Application control No Yes Safe run mode (sandbox) to test questionable programs No Yes Two-way personal firewall No Yes Secure wireless connections in public areas No Yes Real-time scanning of email Yes Yes Anti-spam, Anti-phishing No Yes Virtual keyboard to safely enter sensitive data Yes Yes Removal of Internet activity (history, cookies, etc) Yes Yes Parental Control Yes Yes As you can see from the previous lists, there is a difference in what the manufacturers of these programs offer. They all offer virus and spyware on their basic applications. If you want more features/protection you are going to have to spend the extra money to obtain those features/protection. All of these versions of Antivirus software offer real-time protection and do regular scans. Kind of a behind the scenes scan. Which is a good feature to have, knowing that most users just want it there to do its own thing, kind of like knowing it is protecting you but dont want to have to deal with it. Norton and Kaspersky offer protection for one year. At the end of that year you have to spend more money before you can obtain more updates from them. The good thing about Bitdefender is that when you purchase a subscription from them you get it for 2 years. S