History of antivirus software

History of antivirus software Antivirus Software History of Antivirus Software There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly the first publicly documented removal of a computer virus in the wild was performed by Brent Fix in 1987. An antivirus program to counter the Polish MKS virus was released in 1987. Dr. Solomons Anti-Virus Toolkit, AIDSTEST and AntiVir were released by in 1988. Dr. Ahn Chul Soo (Charles Ahn, founder of AhnLab Inc) in South Korea also released the Anti-Virus software called V1 in June 10, 1988. By late 1990, nineteen separate antivirus products were available including Norton AntiVirus and McAfee VirusScan. Early contributors to work on computer viruses and countermeasures included Fred Cohen, Peter Tippett, and John McAfee. Before Internet connectivity was widespread, viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently. During this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, initially through the use of modems, viruses spread throughout the Internet. Powerful macros used in word processor applications, such as Microsoft Word, presented a further risk. Virus writers started using the macros to write viruses embedded within documents. This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by documents with hidden attached macros as programs. Later email programs, in particular Microsoft Outlook Express and Outlook, were vulnerable to viruses embedded in the email body itself. Now, a users computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message. This meant that virus checkers had to check many more types of files. As always-on broadband connections became the norm and more and more viruses were released, it became essential to update virus checkers more and more frequently. Even then, a new zero-day virus could become widespread before antivirus companies released an update to protect against it. What is an Antivirus program? An antivirus program is used as a security measure and protection tool against computer viruses. The job of an antivirus program is to scan, detect and prevent viruses. Not all antivirus programs can perform these basic tasks, but this will be discussed later on in this report. Antivirus programs are an essential tool you must have installed on your computer or network. Antivirus programs offer real-time, on-access and on-demand protection for your computer. The way the programs works is based on the version of the antivirus program you have. Antivirus programs can be a standalone or can be included in a protection suite and are distributed in 32 and 64-bit versions on multiple operating systems such as Windows, Linux and Mac, allowing all different types of computers to be protected from malicious software. Why is Antivirus Software Necessary? Security is a major concern when it comes to the safety of your personal information. If someone were to access your information and use it, the consequence would be drastic. Information security is concerned with three main areas; Confidentiality peoples information should only be available to someone who has the right to view it. Availability information should only be accessible when someone needs it. Integrity information should only be modified by people who are authorized to edit it. These concepts apply to home Internet users just as much as they would to any corporate or government network. You probably wouldnt let a stranger look through your important documents. In the same way, you may want to keep the tasks you perform on your computer confidential, whether its tracking your investments or sending email messages to family and friends. Also, you should have some assurance that the information you enter into your computer remains intact and is available when you need it. Some security risks arise from the possibility of intentional misuse of your computer by intruders via the Internet. Others are risks that you would face even if you werent connected to the Internet (e.g. hard disk failures, theft, power outages). The bad news is that you probably cannot plan for every possible risk. The good news is that you can take some simple steps to reduce the chance that youll be affected by the most common threats and some of those steps help with both the intentional and accidental risks youre likely to face. Virus? What is a Virus? Before we go on and tell you how an antivirus program scans, detects and prevents viruses and malware, lets discuss what exactly a virus is. Like its genetic equivalent, a computer virus is a program that spreads unwanted and unexpected actions through the insides of your PC. Not all viruses are malicious, but many are written to damage particular types of files, applications or even operating systems. Some examples of viruses are; Trojan horse viruses, worms, spyware, adware, rootkits, and many other types of malware. Viruses have been around since the early 1970s. Even though they never had an internet connection back in the 70s viruses still infected computers by floppy disks. Yes, FLOPPY DISKS, the old 5 14 disks. The first recorded virus was in 1971 and it was called the Creeper Virus, which was written by Bob Thomas. What the Creeper virus did was it infected a remote computer by the ARPNET and copied itself displaying the message â€Å"IM THE CREEPER: CATCH ME IF YOU CAN!. Ironically the Reaper was created to delete the Creeper. The Reaper program was not like the anti-virus programs we know today, but in fact was a virus itself in that it was self replicating and spread through a network. How an Antivirus Program Works The first and most important task of an antivirus program is to protect, prevent, or block any malicious activity in your computer or home and office network in real-time. The real-time protection should trigger an alert or provide automatic action whenever a suspected or positively identified malware activity is detected. Most antivirus programs will only monitor some critical areas in your computer. When an antivirus program is installed, it will start monitoring the activity of the system by searching files that are being accessed, transferred, or stored to or from the hard disks and external/removable drives. Files that are being downloaded from the Internet are scanned. If a suspicious activity is detected, the antivirus program will automatically remove the file or stop the processes that are posing risk to your system, your contacts, or other computers or devices in on your network, unless you trust the file that you are receiving. Antivirus programs offer several types of detection methods to identify malware, but the most common detection methods is heuristic analysis and by using traditional virus detection (signature-based). 1. Characteristics of a program This is called heuristics scanning. Heuristic scanning engines work on the principle that viruses will usually use certain tricks or methods of infecting, and therefore if a program looks like it might be using those tricks, there is a possibility that the program is a virus. Sound simple? No, not really, its actually incredibly hard to write a foolproof 100% effective heuristics engine. (Engine, simply put, is just a word we use to describe the bit that drives the virus detector and compares files to the database of known infection agents) The more aggressive heuristic scanner may well detect large numbers of so called False Positives i.e. files that are really totally innocent but look like they might alter other files, the less aggressive ones might miss files that really are viruses. A method of heuristic analysis is for the anti-virus program to decompile the suspicious program, and then analyze the source code contained within. In reality heuris tics work quite well for some types of viruses, such as Macro Viruses, but not so well for other types. However, they are a reasonable attempt at providing protection against currently unknown viruses. The advantage to this method is the fact that there is no time period when the computer is not protected after specific viruses are released. The disadvantages include the fact that false positives may occur and some viruses may not be identified during the length of a scan. The first heuristic engines were introduced to detect DOS viruses in 1989. However, there are now heuristic engines for nearly all classes of viruses. 2. Footprint or Signature-based detection of virus program A virus signature is a particular pattern of bits or information contained in a virus that appears in no other file or program in the world, except for that virus. This method is the most common method used to identify viruses and false positives are very rare. It compares the virus footprint against a library of known footprints which match viruses. A footprint is a pattern in the data included in a file. Using this method, viruses must be identified as viruses, and then added to the library of footprints. The advantage to this method lies in the fact that false positives are very rare. The disadvantage to this method is the fact that there is a time period between when the virus is released to when the library of known footprints is updated. During this time period, the virus will not be recognized and could infect a computer. How do antivirus programs rate possible risk? Antivirus programs use a threat level index to determine what type of action to take. If the program is adware only, most antivirus programs will display a dialog box to inform the user why a program or related file of an adware program was detected. If the detected object is posing security and privacy risks, the threat level is medium, high, or severe. The threat level ratings by antivirus programs are not all the same. Some antivirus programs may not detect or even scan for tracking cookies. Some of these are installed when legitimate software downloaded from third-party websites is bundled with another installer from a company that is known to have a spyware or adware business. Quarantine and False Positives in Antivirus Programs Antivirus programs work also by quarantining suspect and malware files. This process is to prevent the offending objects from doing any damage in the system and to allow the end-user to restore back a quarantined object to its original location if it is found to be a false positive. A false positive detection is when a malware signature detected an uninfected file or process. In some cases, a false positive can cause a system to not to boot or run properly. If another program is affected by the false detection, the system will run normally, but not the program that the Antivirus have falsely identified and removed. Types of Antivirus Programs That Are Available On the following page there is a list, in alphabetical order, of some the companies who provide Antivirus programs and the platforms on which they are supported. Company Windows Apple Linux Mobile Free? AntiVir Yes No Yes No Yes AVG Yes No No No Yes Avira Yes No Yes Yes Yes BitDefender Yes No Yes Yes No ClamWin Yes No No No Yes ESET NOD32 Yes No Yes Yes No F-Prot Yes No Yes No No Kaspersky Yes Yes Yes Yes No McAfee Yes Yes Yes Yes No MSE Yes No No No Yes Network Associates Yes Yes Yes Yes No Panda Software Yes No Yes No No RAV Yes Yes Yes No No Sophos Yes Yes Yes No No Symantec (Norton) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Trend Micro Yes No No Yes No Vipre Yes No No No No Webroot Yes No No No No Antivirus Software Now that you have a basic understanding of how an antivirus program works and why you need one, here are some examples of three of the main antivirus programs available today. The main three that this report is going to discuss is Norton, Bitdefender, and Kaspersky. There are different types of antivirus programs available for each manufacturer and the following information is going to discuss these types of programs. Norton by Symantec Norton offers 3 antivirus programs; Norton Antivirus Norton Internet Security Norton 360 Here is a full list of what Norton by Symantec offers for their product line. (Symantec) Core Protection Blocks viruses, spyware, Trojan horses, worms, bots, and rootkits Defends against hackers with quiet two-way firewall Pulse updates every 5 15 minutes for up-to-the minute protection Advanced Protection Norton Bootable Recovery Tool repairs, restores and boots severely infected, unbootable PCs Leverages cloud-based online intelligence for real-time detection of threats Download Insight proactively warns of potential dangers in newly downloaded files and applications before you install or run them Guards against Web attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities Stops threats unrecognized by traditional antivirus techniques Filters unwanted email with professional-strength antispam Helps keep your kids safe online with parental controls (Microsoft Windows only) Networking Helps secure and monitor your home network Automatically secures your PC when connecting to public wireless networks Identity Protection Block hackers from accessing your computer Blocks phishing websites and authenticates trusted sites Secures, stores, and manages login and personal information Prevents hackers from eavesdropping and stealing information as you type Identifies unsafe Web sites in your search results Backup and Restore Automatically saves important files locally or to secured online storage Restores lost files and folders PC Tuning Optimizes the hard drive to free up disk space Optimizes PC performance with disk cleanup Provides clear insight into recent PC activities to help prevent slowdowns Optimizes application performance with one-click Support Free email, chat, or phone support Automatically finds and fixes common PC problems The following is a table of what exactly the three antivirus programs from Norton offer. Norton Internet Security Norton 360 Norton Antivirus Blocks viruses, spyware, Trojan horses, worms, bots, and rootkits Yes Yes Yes Defends against hackers with a quiet two-way firewall Yes Yes No Pulse updates every 5-15 minutes for up-to-the minute protection Yes Yes Yes Intelligence-driven technology for faster, fewer, shorter scans Yes Yes Yes Norton Bootable Recovery Tool repairs, restores and boots severely infected, unbootable PCs Yes Yes Yes Leverages cloud-based online intelligence for real-time detection of threats Yes Yes Yes Download Insight proactively warns of potential dangers in newly downloaded files and applications before you install or run them Yes Yes Yes Guards against Web attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities Yes Yes Yes Stops threats unrecognized by traditional antivirus techniques Yes Yes Yes Filters unwanted email with professional-strength antispam Yes No No Helps keep your kids safe online with parental controls (Microsoft Windows only) Yes Yes No Helps secure and monitor your home network Yes Yes No Automatically secures your PC when connecting to public wireless networks Yes Yes No Block hackers from accessing your computer Yes Yes No Blocks phishing websites and authenticates trusted sites Yes Yes No Secures, stores, and manages login and personal information Yes Yes No Prevents hackers from eavesdropping and stealing information as you type Yes Yes No Identifies unsafe Web sites in your search results Yes Yes No Automatically saves important files locally or to secured online storage No Yes No Restores lost files and folders No Yes No Optimizes the hard drive to free up disk space No Yes No Optimizes PC performance with disk cleanup No Yes No Provides clear insight into recent PC activities to help prevent slowdowns Yes Yes Yes Optimizes application performance with one-click Yes Yes Yes Free email, chat, or phone support Yes Yes Yes Automatically finds and fixes common PC problems Yes Yes Yes Bitdefender Bitdefenders product line for antivirus software is; Bitdefender Antivirus Bitdefender Internet Security Bitdefender Total Security Here is a list of what Bitdefender offers for there product line. (Bitdefender) Protection Antivirus Protects against viruses and other malware with industry-leading technology Multi-layered proactive protection against new and unknown threats Antispyware Blocks concealed programs that track your online activities Antiphishing Blocks web pages that attempt to steal your credit card data Antispam Stops unwanted e-mails from reaching your Inbox Firewall Automatically secures your Internet connection wherever you are Helps prevent outsiders form accessing your Wi-Fi network Performance Special Operating Modes Game Mode reduces system load postpones scans Laptop Mode prolongs battery life Tune-up Removes unnecessary files registry entries, for optimized performance Privacy IM Encryption Keeps your conversations private on Yahoo! And MSN Messenger File Vault Locks up confidential files in an encrypted vault File Shredder Ensures that no traces of deleted sensitive files remain on your PC Control Parental Control Blocks access to inappropriate websites and e-mail Limits kids access to the Internet, games, etc†¦ to specific times Home Network Manages the security of your entire network from a single location Data Backup Automatically backs up files and folders The following is a table of what exactly the three antivirus programs from Bitdefender offer. Bitdefender Antivirus Bitdefender Internet Security Bitdefender Total Security Antivirus Yes Yes Yes Antispyware Yes Yes Yes Antiphishing Yes Yes Yes Antispam No Yes Yes Firewall No Yes Yes Special Operating Modes Yes Yes Yes Tune-up No Yes Yes IM Encryption No Yes Yes File Vault No Yes Yes File Shredder No No Yes Parental Controls No Yes Yes Home Network Yes Yes Yes Data Backup No No Yes Kaspersky Kasperskys product line for antivirus software is; Kaspersky Antivirus Kaspersky Internet Security Here is a list of what Kaspersky offers for there product line. (Kaspersky) Protection from†¦ Viruses and spyware Infected websites Hacker attacks Spam and phishing Identity theft Features Comparison Virus and vulnerability scanner Proactive protection against programs based on their behaviour Restriction of access to private data by suspicious programs Application control Safe run mode (sandbox) to test questionable programs Network Protection Two-way personal firewall Secure wireless connections in public areas Email Protection Real-time scanning of email Anti-spam, Anti-phishing Web Protection Virtual keyboard to safely enter sensitive data Removal of Internet activity (history, cookies, etc) Parental Control Kaspersky Antivirus Kaspersky Internet Security Viruses and spyware Yes Yes Infected Websites Yes Yes Hacker attacks No Yes Spam and phishing No Yes Identity theft No Yes Virus and vulnerability scanner Yes Yes Proactive protection against programs based on their behavior Yes Yes Restriction of access to private data by suspicious programs No Yes Application control No Yes Safe run mode (sandbox) to test questionable programs No Yes Two-way personal firewall No Yes Secure wireless connections in public areas No Yes Real-time scanning of email Yes Yes Anti-spam, Anti-phishing No Yes Virtual keyboard to safely enter sensitive data Yes Yes Removal of Internet activity (history, cookies, etc) Yes Yes Parental Control Yes Yes As you can see from the previous lists, there is a difference in what the manufacturers of these programs offer. They all offer virus and spyware on their basic applications. If you want more features/protection you are going to have to spend the extra money to obtain those features/protection. All of these versions of Antivirus software offer real-time protection and do regular scans. Kind of a behind the scenes scan. Which is a good feature to have, knowing that most users just want it there to do its own thing, kind of like knowing it is protecting you but dont want to have to deal with it. Norton and Kaspersky offer protection for one year. At the end of that year you have to spend more money before you can obtain more updates from them. The good thing about Bitdefender is that when you purchase a subscription from them you get it for 2 years. S

Why You Should Purchase a PC :: essays research papers fc

Why You Should Purchase A PC Computers are capable of doing more things every year. There are many advantages to knowing how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and knowing how to use a PC and I will attempt to explain why you should purchase a computer and learn how to use one properly. Webster's New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as "an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates data" ("Computer."). While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now and there are already many people world wide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million Personal Computers (PC's) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the parts are. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage. Data, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. The keyboard and mouse are input devices that a person uses to enter data into the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful information the computer can understand and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices. Normally output is sent to the monitor and stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. Output can also be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed. Once you have grasped a basic understanding of the basic parts and operations of a computer, you can soon discover what you can do with computers

The events that occurred in Derry on January 30th 1972 became known as Bloody Sunday

The events that occurred in Derry on January 30th 1972 became known as Bloody Sunday. Why have these events produced such different historical interpretations? The straightforward answer is because at present historians do not know precisely what happened on Bloody Sunday. The basic facts are clear. These are that on 30 January NICRA (Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association) planned to hold a civil rights march in Londonderry to protest against Internment (the imprisonment of suspected terrorists without a trial.) British troops opened fire, killing thirteen people and wounding several more. However there are many different interpretations of who started the violence and who was to blame for the events of Bloody Sunday. The Northern Ireland government had banned all such marches, the year before, but the marchers were determined to go ahead anyway. Besides, few Catholics took much notice any longer of the Northern Ireland government. The marchers were unarmed, but when they reached barricades that had been put up by the army to stop them leaving the Bog side, they began to throw stones and shout insults at the soldiers. Snatch squads were sent in to arrest troublemakers, but shooting broke out. Afterwards the soldiers claimed that they had come under fire from flats alongside the road, but the marchers claimed that the soldiers had opened fire first. Thirteen marchers were killed and another thirteen were injured. Each side blamed the other for the disaster. The soldiers claimed that the IRA, which had used the march as a means of provoking a response, fired them on first. Catholics believed that the army had deliberately attacked the marchers. Source C supports that view because it tells of soldiers being heard before Bloody Sunday, talking about â€Å"clearing the bog†, which is referring to Derry's bog side. However the source also shows that the information could be unreliable as it took place in a pub and could just be hearsay. The Republicans of Northern Ireland are seen by some to be determined to humiliate the British authorities by demanding an independent investigation, which is still on going today. Until recently, the British Government has always accepted the view of the British Army, shown in the ‘Widgery Report', that its soldiers had simply fired in self-defence after being fired at by IRA gunmen. Nationalists claim that the British soldiers were unprovoked and opened fire either in response to some imaginary threat or, as a deliberate act of violence The two sides give a different view because of who they are and what they want. The only known truth is that the British government sent troops to Northern Ireland to control the violence between Protestants and Catholics. Whether they did that or not, once in Northern Ireland, the British army quickly became a target for IRA rebel attacks. It therefore was appropriate for the British authorities to support the accounts of the soldiers policing the march who claimed they acted in self-defence. They viewed themselves as ‘carrying out their duties as a peacekeeping force', and blame the IRA terrorists, who had already carried out many attacks on the Ulster Constabulary and British Army in Northern Ireland. Nationalists, especially Sinn Fein and the IRA, regarded the British Army as an Army of ‘occupation'. In their view, the British Army's presence in Ireland was itself an act of aggression so in their eyes the Nationalist community had every right to protest against it. Their interpretation of Bloody Sunday is that the soldiers' response to the marchers was the act of an aggressive invasion force trying to put down legal protest against an illegal occupation of Ireland. It reflects their view that Republicans were not simply terrorists, but occupied in a justifiable armed struggle against British aggression. In the Widgery report the government claimed, † Each soldier was his own judge of whether he had identified a gunman.† A Catholic priest at the scene claimed that he saw no one shooting at troops. He claimed that he saw the British Army shoot without selecting targets, â€Å"it was a massacre.† Due to his religious tendency one would expect him not to make up such a statement, however someone writing a report concluding the true actions of Bloody Sunday would have to question the priest's reliability, because like many others present at Bloody Sunday there is the possibility of a one sided or biased view. The report went onto state â€Å"some soldiers showed high degrees of responsibility, [some] firing bordered at the reckless.† Part of Source A supports the military claim that soldiers simply responded when they came under fire. One former soldier stated how the so-called new evidence was being brought up, but the nail bombs and acid bombs he claimed were used against them were not mentioned. He made a valid point that thousands of people had been on the streets of Derry that day, and that if they had been firing so indiscriminately as people have said, then why were there no women and children killed? Several prominent Nationalists were at the scene and claim to be eyewitnesses to the British army's aggression, but it is questionable as to whether their version of events can be trusted without independent evidence. Source K for example reflects the idea of the soldiers shooting everywhere around them without any provocation. The paratrooper responsible for shooting Damien Donaghy, stated he had â€Å"intended to shoot dead† a man he was â€Å"convinced was a nail bomber.† However he admitted he â€Å"could have shot the wrong man† or that one of the shots he had fired hit Mr. Donaghy â€Å"by accident†. Damien Donaghy, 15 at the time of Bloody Sunday's events, denies that he was carrying any nail bombs or other weapons, but was without doubt shot in the thigh in Derry's bog side during the civil rights march on the day soldiers shot dead 13 Catholic men and boys who were said to be unarmed. Source B supports his view as it weakens claims about supposed nail and acid bombs being used, due to new forensic evidence suggesting that the Widgery reports findings could have been caused by contamination such as emissions from car exhausts. When two groups oppose each other, interpretations are bound to differ, however another cause for the difference in interpretation is that because Bloody Sunday happened 31 years ago, all the buildings are different now and the place itself cannot be used as evidence to support either side's statements. Source I is therefore an example of a valid piece of evidence as it shows a reconstruction of Derry's bog side and can portray the bog side as it was, which is needed to support peoples accounts. Interpretations may differ because people hear, see and experience things differently and so for example a gun being fired by a soldier could have triggered other soldiers to open fire if they had cause to believe it was a civilian or member of the IRA. Currently, the only people who know the truth are those who carried and used weapons on that terrible day and their commanders, both British Army officers, possibly acting on the orders of the British government, or the IRA leadership. This is why the â€Å"Saville Inquiry† has been set up by the British government as part of the current peace process to try to find out the truth behind Bloody Sunday.

Bullying And Toxic Managers Article Essay - 1616 Words

Sum Q Assignment 7 The two article focus on several aspects of bullying in the workplace. The Special Case of Bullies and Toxic Managers article focus on bullying in the workplace. Managers who bullied will threaten employees through humiliation and intimidation if they don’t follow orders. According to the Workplace Bullying Institute survey â€Å"27 percent of Americans have suffered abusive conduct at work; another 21 percent have witnessed it; and 72 percent are aware that workplace bullying occurs. These numbers can affect organizations where employees can have resentment which can lead to absenteeism and turnover because some workers will not tolerate unnecessary harassment. When bullying is extreme amongst hierarchies, employee’s lives can be due to organizational dysfunction. Some characteristics that make bullies difficult to manage are they tend to be organization survivors and know every nuance of the department functions. Additionally, they add value to the company which might be difficult to find a replacement. The impact of bullying in the workplace can affect everybody in the organization. The domino effect of bullying can create an uncomfortable environment for all employees. When workers are threatened by managers they will be afraid to report the incident in fear of retribution by upper management. A reason why some workers might not report bullied managers because they have families to support. Some workers may be the only source of income in the household.Show MoreRelatedThe And Its Effects On The Workplace1627 Words   |  7 Pagesexist in the workplace today. In recent times, researchers have discovered a perplexing relationship between aberration and leadership. Essentially, managers who possess psychopathic characteristics create colossal problems and are septic to their work environments. Consequently, this leads to a road of destruction comprised of workplace bullying, discriminatory work decorum, and emotional distr ess. Even though research is limited and resides in its infancy, sufficient data validate the theoryRead MoreThe Effects Of Toxic Leadership On Toxic Leaders1392 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Toxic Leadership Tiffanie Chiles Northeastern University â€Æ' The Effects of Toxic Leadership What is Toxic Leadership Many people are guided in their personal and professional lives by individuals who are caring, compassionate, and ethical. However there are also those who are guided by cruel, greedy, and poisonous leaders. Those leaders are considered to be toxic. Toxic leaders can have a direct effect on the people they influence. Toxic leadership has been around sinceRead MoreNo Tolerance Policy For Workplace Violence Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration, (OSHA) also later recommended that every employer needs to establish a no-tolerance policy for workplace violence, including any form of bullying and verbal or nonverbal threats. Employers with zero-tolerance violence policies are more likely to have lower incident rates. When employers mandate this policy, employees not directly involved in violent incidents but are witnesses are obligated to participate in the investigation by the employer or authorities. Those employees not willingRead MoreGuidelines For Preventing Workplace Violence Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide security personnel and law enforcement presents with good communication to law enforcement. This article even states that good exterior lighting can help in the prevention of workplace violence. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, (OSHA) also later recommended that every employer needs to establish a no-tolerance policy for workplace violence, including any form of bullying and verbal or nonverbal threats. Employers with zero-tolerance violence policies are more likely to haveRead MoreCorporate Environmental Responsibility: Sinopec’s impact on the sustainable and environment-friendly development1534 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment-friendly production could bring long-term benefits and satisfied society. As a worldwide energy and petrochemical company, Sinopec pay large attention to the environment protection (Green and Low-Carbon Growth 2011). However, the high toxic plants (Three Petroleum Plants Closed 2012) and water (China Intensifies Efforts to Combat Water Pollution 2007) pollution problems caused by Sinopec, posed high environmental risk. These problems affected the public health and destroyed ecologicalRead MoreThe Impact Of Human Resource Management On The Aged Care Industry Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pageshave to do a lot of paperwork and clean the floors although their profession is to care for elderly people. Therefore, the second key issue can be identified is job design. 3 Discussion of the academic literature about these issues As many journal articles and other researches have been published to explain how job design affects the health and well-being of employees, this analysis will focus on work-related stress due to changes in workplace and poor job design. In general, stress can be definedRead MoreToxic Leadership3579 Words   |  15 Pageshave avoided managerial (and leadership) incompetence. The recent implosion of several organizations (i.e. Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, Hollinger International) and the associated media coverage has called attention to the existence of bad leaders. This article draws on the knowledge base concerning the dark side of personality to define the critical issues associated with managerial derailment and to offer guidance to leadership development practitioners. The paper is organized sin three sections. FirstRead MoreDeviant Work Place Behaviour5882 Words   |  24 PagesThe purpose is to broaden the research in organizational studies by focusing not only on deviant behaviors that are negative, but on those that are positive as well. Furthermore, this article examines different types of both positive and negative deviant workplace behaviors, along with some of the reasons why managers/employees engage in such behaviors. Also, some of the reasons why organizations allow negative deviant behaviors to thrive, while discouraging positive deviant behaviors are investigatedRead MoreThe Global Banking Financial Crisiss and Its Impact on Developing Nations: Case Study Africa3208 Words   |  13 Pagesareas flourished and maintained a commercial surplus. These residences and commercial building are not occupied or almost empty. According to Dr. Mehenou Amouzou the Bank of China identified the need to stabilize its economy by ridding itself of toxic policies. One of its first restructuring programs was overhaul its credit/loan program and correlate it to the needs of the general population. Bank of China started to liquidate dollars and Euro from its reserves by selling them to buy gold, silverRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 Pagesspace per child is provided in the premises Fixtures, premises and fittings are kept in a proper state of repair and in a clean and hygienic condition and protected from infestation Furniture, work and play surfaces are clean, suitable, non-toxic and retained in a proper state of repair. There are adequate and suitable facilities for a pre-school child to rest and to play indoors and outdoors during the day Pre-school childcare providers are required to ensure that the building has suitable

Important Forest Trees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2379 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Important Forest Trees And Their Uses ( Originally Published 1922 ) Of our native trees, the white pine is one of the best and most valuable. It is a tall straight tree that grows to a height of 100 to 150 feet. It produces wood that is light in weight and easy to work because it is so soft. At ,one time there were extensive pine forests in the northeastern states. Many of the trees were very large, and occasionally one may still see pine stumps that are 5 to 6 feet in diameter. White pine made fine lumber for houses and other buildings and this timber was among the first to be exhausted in the country. Spruce trees have long furnished the bulk of the woodpulp used in making our supplies of paper. These trees live in the colder climates of the northern states. They like to grow in low, wet localities close to lakes or rivers. The spruces generally do not grow higher than 75-100 feet. The wood is soft like pine and even whiter in color. The aboriginal Indians used the roots of the spruce trees as thread, twine and rope. The cedar trees, which are landmarks in many of our northern states, yield light, soft, durable wood that is useful in making poles, fence posts, lead pencils and cedar chests. The wood of the red cedar gives off a peculiar odor which is said to keep moths away from clothes stored in cedar chests, but it is the close construction of the chest which keeps them out. These trees are be-coming scarce in all parts of the country. Cedars generally are small trees that grow slowly and live a long time. The outside wood is white and the heartwood is red or yellow. Cedar posts last a long time and are excellent for use in farm fences. Chestnut blight, which destroys entire forests of chestnut timber, is gradually exhausting our supplies of this wood. Chestnut timber has long been used for railroad ties, fence posts and in the manufacture of cheap furniture . The wood is soft and brown in color. The bark and wood are treated at special plants in such a way that an extract which is valuable for tanning leather is obtained. Chestnut trees are upstanding, straight trees that tower 80 to 100 feet above the ground. The extinction of our chestnut forests threatens as no effectual control measures for checking the chestnut blight disease over large areas has yet been discovered. The yellow poplar or tulip poplar furnishes timber for the manufacture of furniture, paper, the interior of railroad cars and automobiles. The dugouts of the early settlers and Indians were hewed out of poplar logs. These boats were stronger than those made of canoe birch. Poplar wood is yellow in color and soft in texture. The poplar is the largest broad-leaf tree in this country and the trees are of great size and height. Some specimens found in the mountains of the South have been over 200 feet high and 8 to 10 feet in diameter, while poplars 125 to 150 feet high are quite common. Among our most useful and valuable trees are the white oa k, and its close kin, the red oak, which produce a brown-colored, hard wood of remark-able durability. The white oak is the monarch of the forest, as it lives very long and is larger and stronger than the majority of its associates. The timber is used for railroad ties, furniture, and in general construction work where tough, durable lumber is needed. Many of our wooden ships have been built of oak. The white oaks often grow as high as 100 feet and attain massive dimensions. The seeds of the white oaks are light brown acorns, which are highly relished by birds and animals. Many southern farmers range their hogs in white oak forests so that the porkers can live on the acorn crop. Beech wood is strong and tough and is used in making boxes and barrels and casks for the shipment of butter, sugar and other foods. It makes axles and shafts for water-wheels that will last for many years. The shoes worn by Dutch children are generally made of beech. The wood is red in color. The beech tr ee is of medium size growing to a height of about 75 feet above the ground. There is only one common variety of beech tree in this country. Hickory trees are very popular because they produce sweet, edible nuts. The hickory wood is exceedingly strong and tough. and is used wherever stout material is needed. For the spokes, wheels and bodies of buggies and wagons, for agricultural implements, for automobile wheels and for handles, hickory is unexcelled. The shafts of golf clubs as well as some types of base-ball bats are made of hickory. Most hickory trees are easy to identify on account of their shaggy bark. The nuts of the hickory, which ripen in the autumn, are sweet, delicious and much in demand. Our native elm tree is stately, reaching a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 to 6 feet or more. It is one of our best shade trees. Elm wood is light brown in color and very heavy and strong. It is the best available wood for making wagon wheel hubs. and is also used largely fo r baskets and barrels. The rims of bicycle wheels generally are made of elm. The canoe birch is a tree which was treasured by the early Indians because it yielded bark for making canoes. Birch wood is used in making shoe lasts and pegs because of its strength and light weight, and the millions of spools on which cotton is wound are made of birch wood. School desks and church furniture, also, are made of birch. The orange-colored inner bark of the birch tree is so fine and delicate that the early settlers could use it as they would paper. No matter whether birch wood is green or dry, it will burn readily. The birch was the most useful tree of the forest to the Indians. Its bark was used not only. for making their canoes, but also for building their wigwams. They even dried and ground the inner bark into a flour which they used as a food. The northern sugar maple is another tree which is a favorite in all sections where it is grown. This tree yields a hard wood that is the best and toughest timber grown in some localities. The trees grow to heights of 75 to 100 feet and attain girths of 5 to 9 feet. Maple lumber is stout and heavy. It makes fine flooring and is used in skating rinks and for bowling alleys. Many pianos are made of maple. Wooden dishes and rolling pins are usually made from maple wood. During the spring of the year when the sap is flowing, the average mature maple tree will yield from fifteen to twenty gallons of sap in a period of three to four weeks. This sap is afterwards boiled down to maple syrup and sugar. Hemlock trees, despite the fact that they rank among the most beautiful trees of the forest, produce lumber which is suitable only for rough building operations. The wood is brown and soft and will not last long when exposed to the weather. It cracks and splits easily because it is so brittle. Hemlock is now of considerable importance as pulpwood for making paper. For many years, a material important for tanning leather has been e xtracted in large amounts from the bark of hemlock trees. One of the most pleasing uses to which the balsam fir is put is as Christmas trees. Some-times it is used in making paper pulp. The balsam fir seldom grows higher than 50 feet or thicker than 12 inches. The leaves of this tree have a very sweet odor and are in demand at Christmas time. Foresters and woodsmen often use balsam boughs to make their beds and pillows when camping in the woods. Our native supplies of hardwoods and soft-woods are used for general building purposes, for farm repairs, for railroad ties, in the furniture and veneer industry, in the handle industry, and in the vehicle and agricultural implement industries. On the average each American farmer ses about 2,000 board feet of lumber each year. New farm building decreased in the several years following the World War, due to the high price of lumber and labor. As a result of this lack of necessary building, millions of dollars worth of farm machinery stood out in the weather. Livestock lacked stables in some sections. Very little building was done in that period in two hundred and fifty prosperous agricultural counties in thirty two different states. The railroads consume about 15 per cent. of our total lumber cut. They use between 100,000,000 and 125,000,000 railroad ties a year. It used to be that most of the cross-ties were of white oak cut close to the places where they were used. Now Douglas fir, southern pine and other woods are being used largely throughout the Middle Western and Eastern States. The supply of white oak ties is small and the prices are high. Some years ago, when white oak was abundant, the railroads that now are using other cross-ties would not have even considered such material for use in their roadbeds. The fact that other ties are now being used emphasizes the fact that we are short on oak timber in the sections where this hardwood formerly was common. The furniture industry uses hardwoods of superior g rade and quality. The factories of this industry have moved from region to region as the supply of hardwoods became depleted. Originally, these factories were located in the Northeastern States. Then, as the supplies of hardwood timber in those sections gave out, they moved westward. They remained near the Corn Belt until the virgin hardwood forests of the Middle West were practically exhausted. The furniture industry is now largely dependent on what hardwoods are left in the remote sections of the Southern Appalachians and the lower Mississippi Valley. When these limited supplies are used up, there will be very little more old-growth timber in the country for them to use. The furniture, veneer, handle, vehicle, auto-mobile and agricultural implement industries all are in competition for hardwood timber. The furniture industry uses 1,250,000,000 feet of high-grade hardwood lumber annually. Production of timber of this type for furniture has decreased as much as 50 per cent. durin g the past few years. It is now difficult for the furniture factories and veneer plants to secure enough raw materials. Facilities for drying the green lumber artificially are few. It used to be that the hardwood lumber was seasoned for six to nine months be-fore being sold. Furniture dealers now have to buy the material green from the sawmills. Competition has become so keen that buyers pay high prices. They must have the material to keep their plants running and to supply their trade. The veneer industry provides furniture manufacturers, musical instrument factories, box makers and the automobile industry with high-grade material. The industry uses annually 780,000,000 board feet of first quality hardwood cut from virgin stands of timber. Red gum and white oak are the hardwoods most in demand. In the Lake States, a branch of the veneer industry which uses maple, birch and basswood is located. Oak formerly was the most important wood used. Now red gum has replaced the oak, as the supplies of the latter timber have dwindled. At present there is less than one fourth of a normal supply of veneer timber in sight. Even the supplies in the farmers wood-lands are being depleted. The industry is now largely dependent on the timber of the southern Mississippi Valley. The veneer industry requires best-grade material. Clear logs are demanded that are at least 16 inches in diameter at the small end. It is getting harder every year to secure such logs. Like the furniture industry, the veneer mills lack adequate supplies of good timber. No satisfactory substitutes for the hickory and ash used in the handle industry have yet been found. About the only stocks of these timbers now left are in the Southern States. Even in those parts the supplies are getting short and it is necessary to cut timber in the more remote sections distant from the railroad. The ash short-age is even more serious than that of hickory timber. The supplies of ash in the Middle West States nort h of the Ohio River are practically exhausted. The demand for ash and hickory handles is larger even than before the World War. The entire world depends on the United States for handles made from these woods. Handle dealers are now willing to pay high prices for ash and hickory timber. Some of them prepared for the shortage by buying tracts of hardwood timber. When these reserves are cut over, these dealers will be in the same position as the rest of the trade. Ash and hickory are in demand also by. the vehicle and agricultural implement industries. They also use considerable oak and compete with the furniture industry to secure what they need of this timber. Most of these plants are located in the Middle West but they draw their timber chiefly from the South. Hickory is a necessary wood to the vehicle industry for use in spokes and wheels. The factories exert every effort to secure adequate supplies of timber from the farm woodlands, sawmills and logging camps. The automobile industry now uses considerable hickory in the wheels and spokes of motor cars. Most of the stock used by the vehicle industry is purchased green. Neither the lumber nor vehicle industry is equipped with enough kilns for curing this green material. The losses in working and manufacturing are heavy, running as high as 40 per cent. Many substitutes for ash, oak and hickory have been tried but they have failed to prove satisfactory. On account of the shortage and the high prices of hickory, vehicle factories are using steel in place of hickory wherever possible. Steel is more expensive but it can always be secured in quantity when needed. Furthermore, it is durable and very strong. Thus we see that our resources of useful soft woods and hard woods have both been so diminished that prompt reforestation of these species is an urgent necessity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Important Forest Trees" essay for you Create order

Effects Of School Violence Essay - 1022 Words

Reducing School Violence and Creating Peace for Children School violence is a major controversial problem around the world. It plays an important role for the future of children and impacts the environment children are growing up in. The effects of school violence can lead severe mental and physical trauma for both perpetrators and victim along with the loss of human lives. The main cause of school violence is a combination of weak community relations and a lack of a firm hand within schools as well as communities. Our society need to demand that schools must be created safe for our children and no child should live with fear to attend school. If a student is being picked on or bullied, he or she will not want to communicate with others.†¦show more content†¦Unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception and this reduces the quality of education for all students. Children who face lack of love and affection may also become violent. Children from dysfunctional families are less likely to func tion successfully at school (Garnet, 2013). This is the case with many students who do not have the attention from their parents or might have alcoholic parents. Students may also involve in violence where they feel they are alone. This is whereby the teacher is not helping a student through difficulties, which leads to frustration. It is the teacher’s duty to guide the student in his or her needs. A student may also result to violence when he/she is unsure of his career or future and hence proper guidance and help is required. Children require support from parents as well as teachers to know they are not alone and can count on them. The U.S. Department of Education recommends having adults visibly present through the school building, this encourages parents to visit the school (Meadows, 2007). The approach I would take to end school violence would be to train school staff members to be observant and respond to student needs before they result in unhealthy behaviors. The staf f needs to have a good communication with the children and be as understanding. It’s good for the staff to get toShow MoreRelatedCause and Effect Essay - Causes of School Violence2265 Words   |  10 Pagesin middle schools and high schools across the country. At least fifty people have died due to a series of high school shootings. These shooting rampages have occurred across the United States in 13 cities ranging from Pennsylvania to southern Mississippi and to western California. Just when the murder rampages seem to be subsiding, another tragedy occurs. Preventive measures have been taken by the government and school systems. For instance, in 1994, Congress passed the Drug-Free Schools and CommunityRead MoreViolence in the Media Does Not Contribute to the Violence in the Society1733 Words   |  7 Pages This essay aims to discuss whether violence in media contributes to the violence in the society. The essay will first define who the society is and what constitutes as violence in both the media and in society. It will then discuss audience reception studies and the uses and gratifications theory as to how the audiences receive the media and what they do with it. With evidence from supporting articles and a survey done, this essay will argue that violence in the media does not contribute to theRead MoreIndividuals Are Affected by Their Surrounding Environment1149 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Rise and Fall Of New York City Crime† Gladwell highlights how the environment shapes individuals’ actions in the city of New York. During the 1980s New York City was different than what it is known today, in the 1980s it was full of crime and violence in every corner. As an explanation, he discusses the â€Å"Broken Window Theory† that once a window is broken more windows would e ventually break, thus implying its impact in New York City’s crime. Additionally, Gladwell discusses that in order to changeRead MoreGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesGame Over: The effects of Violent Video Games on Children Seven hours. That is the amount of hours a day the average American child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. What does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents;Read MoreTelevised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys1555 Words   |  7 PagesTelevised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys Young boys are evidently influenced by things in their environment such as media, peers, and family. Elementary school aged boys are influenced easily because these are critical years in developing their sense of individuality and social skills with their peers. The vulnerably of young boys are a reason why they are a target of the popular culture of displaying television violence because they have rarely encountered it in previous years so theyRead MoreEssay on Media Violence: Censorship Not Needed1591 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence is a Menace, but Censorship Not Needed      Ã‚  According to John Davidsons essay Menace to Society, three-quarters of Americans surveyed [are] convinced that movies, television and music spur young people to violence. While public opinion is strong, the results of research are divided on the effects of media violence on the youth in this country. Davidson wrote that most experts agree that some correlation between media violence and actual violent acts exists, yet the resultsRead MoreCause and Effect Essay661 Words   |  3 PagesChild violence is a topic which has exposed itself tremendously with both causes and effects; causes being, poor parenting, environment and exposure, and effects including depression, difficulties in school and criminal behavior. Most people try not to address poor parenting because it can be a very sensitive topic but, it is very important and lack of conversation or teaching can become an issue. We have all been somewhere and witness a child misbehaving and the parent not reprimanding theirRead MoreThe Violence Of South African Schools Perpetrated On Teachers By Learners Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdictionary â€Å"violence is the use of physical force, usually intended to cause injury or disctruction. I strongly agree on this definition and to further more explain the definition, I will use King Shaka Zulu when he used violence in order to gain power or kingdom. We as African used violence to fight over white domination in our country that means violence in African people is running deep on their /our veins. Violence happens in many places but in this essay I will look at violence in South AfricanRead MoreSchool Bullying and Violence1356 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1 Cover Letter - The purpose of this essay was to both call attention to and inform an audience about the issue of school bullying and violence. Research shows that the issue is far more prevalent than expected, and is gender neutral. What is surprising in these findings point to the fact that the statistics regarding bullying are not, as one might expect, focused predominantly on boys. While boys and girls mature and socially interact differently, 30-40% of the bullying reported above occursRead MoreViolent Media Is Good For Kids Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids† is very interesting essay in which he describes how violent media can help kids to overcome obstacles, but whether it is convincing or not, I am not truly sure because the way the essay is written is biased. Jones as writer is making this controversial topic to gain more audience to read his writings, in addition, this essay fails in detail, it needs more statistics to support the examples that Jones addresses in hi s essay. Also, we need more information about what is the

Online Comparison Shopping Behavior of Travel Consumers

Question: Discuss about the Online Comparison Shopping Behavior of Travel Consumers. Answer: Introduction Demographic trends are useful for identifying and characterising the market. In this context, knowing the demographic trends would help to characterize the customers, including age, race, sex, education, geographic location, marital status, income status and other demographic trend (Parment 2013). These demographic data are easy to analyze, as these data are easily available on the publications. Thus, this assignment aims to use the demographic trends for monitoring changed and trends in the cultural and social environment for finding new market opportunities. In the health care industry, a key concern is longer life span of senior citizen, which is due to the enhanced rate of health care issues of senior citizen. The enhanced health issues of this generation is increasing the heath care cost per annum, affecting the industry. However, this demographic trend is also affecting others industries. Recent demographic data is showing that this population group has significant buying potential (Eastman and Liu 2012) The population is not homogenous and spent more time for making purchase decision. However, the influence of physical activity on well-being and fitness is motivating them to avail vacation package, which is enhancing the industrial profit in Australia and New Zealand. This market has the greatest budget of free time and affluent with a high buying potential. Particularly in Australia, the huge population can be served by the vacation industry profitably. The aged appearance can be emphasized by several characteristics like skin damage, melanocytic pigmentation, hair loss, loosening teeth, lined forehead, drooping brows, wrinkles around the mouth. Physical sing of aging are perceived as threat of self-continuity by some people. As a result, the demand for aesthetic or cosmetic surgery has been increased among elderly. In Australia, from the opinion of 350 surgeons in NSW it has been revealed that the cosmetic industry has been doubled over last 5 years (Chatterjee and Wang 2012). A significant psychological perception is influencing this industry to serve this population more in the current era. Pre-cooked or packaged food usually kept safely for consumers health and safety concerns. Now days, the new studies are suggesting that eating healthy foods help people to live longer. Moreover, pre-cooked foods can be easily and quickly cooked. Thus, it is helpful for senior citizen, who have lower mobility and other health concern to cook food for longer time. Thus, this industry is also at a profit level, while serving this population. Baby boomers generation is characterized by people who have born after Second World War. This generation approaching retirement; however, they have ample amount of money to spend. In Australia, this population have started to replace their devotion to family with fun, self-education and entertainment. This population treats vacation and recreation as the prize from their life, which they deserve for their busy and sacrificed lives. As they have enough money to spend, they can afford the expense of travel and luxurious tours. Baby boomers are already he most travelled generation, being active, with a young heart and inclined to adventure (pewtrusts.org 2017). As they begin to retire, their work load and responsibilities would be reduced, influencing their continued desire to learn from travelling. Thus, the baby boomers are important to vacation industry of New Zealand and Australia. In the cosmetics industry, anti-aging facial products are very popular among baby boomers. As they have struggled through their lives and lived a busy life, with a young heart, they attempt to appear young and the cosmetic products promote their attempt to live as young generation for longer time. Thus, the cosmetics industry has a significant opportunity to renew momentum on this demographic trend. Baby boomers have a larger purchasing power (Aln et al. 2016). They are more able and willing to spend money for higher quality cosmetics brand. For this population, cosmetic industry should focus on promotion through traditional media like TV, newspaper. Baby boomers are usually health conscious and they attempt to eat their way to a younger complexion with fresh and nutrient rich food. Pre-cooked foods are usually kept with preservatives, thus these foods are not solely healthy and if not kept safety, a significant chance of infection is there. However, several pre-cooked food offer nutrient supplement and consist health-promoting as well as disease preventing properties, thereby providing extra supplements to boomers in their daily diet (Nikolova et al. 2014). Previous market research revealed that this generation are willing to spend money on food and supplements, which has made them a target of pre-cooked or functioning food industry. People born in the 1980s to 1990s are considered as generation Y. This generation is attempting to take responsibility of growing family household and huge mortgage, thus they needed to be tight with monetary expense. Thus, instead of willing for travel, they are not availing expensive tours for exploring natural beauty. Moreover, it has been revealed that members of generation Y believe in the risk of natural disasters or terrorism or criminal behaviour (pewtrusts.org 2017). At this age, they due to work pressure and responsibilities of family, they get least time for fulfilling their wish to travel. However, with increased options of travel in affordable price, a significant percentage of generation Y is contributing to the profit of vacation industry in Australia and New Zealand. This generation has a high quality brand preference, which is influencing different cosmetic brands to target this generation. Instead of the fact that this generation have to monitor their economic expense tightly, they prefer high quality brands and products. However, compared to baby boomers, they have less purchasing power. In the case of pre-cooked food industry, survey revealed that generation Y people are foodies and less health conscious (Nikolova et al. 2014). It has been revealed that generation y is the primary contributors of these pre-cooked or heat-and-eat breakfasts, who are influencing their kids, generation Z towards having pre-cooked food. Thus, both generations Y and Z is the key target of this industry. Smaller family units with more single adult households are least prone to use the travelling industry. It is because; mostly the single adult family goes through financial and other resource crisis. While having financial crisis, it is difficult to save money for travelling. Moreover, the single earning adult has several responsibilities, which are the hindrance of their will for travel (Aln et al. 2016). Thus, this population is not profitable for vacation industries in New Zealand and Australia. Cosmetic industry shows significant concern over this population. For this population, the lower price cosmetics brands are shown be more popular. The rate of cosmetic surgery is least in this population. The purchasing power of this population is low, as they have limited money to spend in beauty concerns. In case of pre-cooked industry, this population is a significant target. In most of the cases, the single mother with one or more child is seen to work for the entire day. In this context, they get less time for cooking healthy foods and prefer pre-cooked food for easy and faster cooking (Chatterjee and Wang 2012). They have been reported to be least health concern among the other groups. Thus, targeting this population would be profitable for this industry. Shift in the middle class A global shift in the middle class is a sign of urbanization. It is providing the opportunity to this population for earning more. In the same way, the travelling agencies in New Zealand and Australia are offering lucrative vacation packages in lower price. It is attracting this population, who have struggled a lot in their earlier lives and now willing to explore the opportunities, existing in the industry (pewtrusts.org 2017). In case of the middle class people, the brand preference is low; rather they prefer local brands, as this population is less concern about beauty products of high range. Thus, for the local brands, this population is a significant target. In case of pre-cooked food, a medium level of attraction has been reported. The pre-cooked food is easy to cook and consume, but expensive compared to non-cooked food (pewtrusts.org 2017). This concern is significantly influencing this populations purchase decision making. Internet is stealing our time, especially in generation Z The generation Z is characterized with excessive use of internet and smart technologies, which is shaping their present and future trends. Through the help of internet use, people are becoming aware of the most suitable option, which is shaping the vacation industry in New Zealand and Australia (businessinsider.in 2017). Agencies providing more options in fewer prices are becoming their target. This generation is also consisting a high quality brand preference, in spite of their monitory concern. This generation is the key focus of cosmetics industry, as they are most concern about beauty products, which is promoted trough high internet use (Chatterjee and Wang 2012). Generation Z is the foodie population, who are the key concern of the pre-cooked food industry, due easy to cook products. This population is targeted by most of the fast food and pre-cooked organization, which is promoted via internet (pewtrusts.org 2017). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the demographic data significantly helped in market research. These data helps to identify the market segments, nature of customers, helping the marketers to design their products and services for particular customer, helps to plan appropriate marketing mix and estimate market potential. Reference List Aln, E., Losada, N. and Domnguez, T., 2016. The Impact of Ageing on the Tourism Industry: An Approach to the Senior Tourist Profile. Social Indicators Research, 127(1), pp.303-322. businessinsider.in, 2017. GEORGE MAGNUS: These 5 Big Demographic Trends Are Shaping The World Right Now. [online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/GEORGE-MAGNUS-These-5-Big-Demographic-Trends-Are-Shaping-The-World-Right-Now/articleshow/34342303.cms [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Chatterjee, P. and Wang, Y., 2012. Online comparison shopping behavior of travel consumers. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality Tourism, 13(1), pp.1-23. Eastman, J.K. and Liu, J., 2012. The impact of generational cohorts on status consumption: an exploratory look at generational cohort and demographics on status consumption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), pp.93-102. Nikolova, H.D., Inman, J.J., Maurer, J., Greiner, A. and Amoroso, G., 2014. The Shopper-Centric Retailer: Three Case Studies on Deriving Shopper Insights from Frequent Shopper Data. Shopper Marketing and the Role of In-Store Marketing (Review of Marketing Research, Volume 11) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 11, pp.75-102. Parment, A., 2013. Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing. Journal of retailing and consumer services, 20(2), pp.189-199. pewtrusts.org, 2017. 3 Demographic Trends Changing Our World. [online] Pewtrusts.org. Available at: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/analysis/2016/07/19/3-demographic-trends-changing-our-world [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017] Travel-conference.co.uk, 2017. Youth Travel: The Habits of Generation Y | TSVC | Tourism Students' Virtual Conference. [online] Travel-conference.co.uk. Available at: https://www.travel-conference.co.uk/commentries.php?paper=124#.WHSZItJ97IV [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].